فصلنامه زیبایی شناسی ادبی
سال دوازدهم شماره 47 (بهار 1400)

Memoir writing is one of the most important narrative approaches in the sacred defense literature and has had an impact on the memory of Persian literature. Therefore, the study of its stylistics in the development of Persian literature can be considered. This paper examines normality and innovation in a syntactic layer that can distinguish language from the normative language and somehow highlights it. One of the types of normative writing used by the writer to create literary work is syntactic normality or the avoidance of syntactic rules governing language; the author disrupts the ruling order of the language, and emphasizes the grammatical features of language. It uses the text and in fact tries to create the arts in this field. But since the language of the memory of the maps falls into the sub-standard and broken, the artistic prominence in these works is not seen. But since the language of the memory of the maps falls into the sub-standard and broken, the artistic prominence in these works is not seen.

In poetry, it is called good knowledge.This is because if the opening part of the speech has points and attractions The audience becomes interested in continuing it And so on The speaker reaches his goal .One of the examples is the poets who were familiar with the Qur'an. The Holy Qur'an, because it has had a profound effect on the literature behind itIt is full of literary aspects; Methods and techniques of expression in the verses at the beginning of the suras Hafiz, in particular, has benefited in various ways .In a way that less lyric than Hafez can be found that .It is ineffective when composing from the Quran And this is the effect of the spiritual influence of the divine word That "Hafez's poem is the whole house of knowledge."In this article, the researcher is on it .To the techniques and methods used in the first verses of the QuranExtracted And examine the effectiveness and inspiration of Hafez from these methods and techniques in the study of lyric poems.

Ferdowsi's Shahnameh is a mirror of the whole of Iranian history, culture and art, in which situations, people, conversations, scenes and events are described with an artistic expression, and novel, attractive and beautiful images are presented to the reader. But how and by what tricks Ferdowsi created such a beautiful image has been the main subject of this research and an attempt has been made to examine the secret of beauty and charm of the great Ferdowsi's artistic illustrations in Shahnameh, especially from an expressive and novel perspective. This research is a descriptive-analytical method based on library studies and the results show that Ferdowsi with his unique mastery - which indicates the poet's mastery of the spirit of the Persian language - using the element of tone and its masterful combination with content and the use of imaginary forms such as similes, metaphors, allusions and metaphors, phonological and lexical compositions and combining it with original arrays such as repetition and phonemes, good reasoning, exaggeration, observance, etc., could show the peak of artistic images. It is unique in its kind.

foregrounding the ways in which plays an important role in distinguishing the artistic creation, Creating great works and Inventing personal styles. This research is the result of this research In order to achieve outstanding lyric poetry of one of the pioneers of child poetry in Iran Named Mahmoud Kianoush. Kianoush gives great importance to the structure of poetry He believes that Child poem should be technical and principled. To reach for this purpose, After the introduction, an introduction to the highlight and its practices, Introducing Mahmoud Kianoush and his children's poems, The foregroundings of this great contemporary poet and writer In two parts of the norms of regularity extra and deviation, His childish poems have been analyzed and analyzed This research was conducted in a descriptive-analytical manner and based on library studies The investigations carried out in this paper show that He has used various types of regularity extra and deviation norms to foregrounding the language of his childish poetry. In the meantime, the role of deviations has been noticeable.

Man faces various pains and sufferings during his life and because he finds himself incapable of repelling them, he opens his mouth to protest, complain and complains about bitter events; And since the poets' view of the universe is different from that of ordinary human beings, their glories are different from those of ordinary people. With their special language and unique way of expressing themselves, they reflect their and people's complaints about the unfavorable living conditions in their poems. Saadi Shirazi and Saeb Tabrizi are also among the Iraqi and Indian poets who have dealt with the subject of complaints in their poems and have written poems in different types of complaints. In the present study, which has been done by content analysis method, we have examined and compared personal complaints in Saadi and Saeb poems. According to the results of the present study, in Saadi's poems, the glory of parting has the highest frequency among personal complaints, and other topics such as: glory of the persecution of the beloved, glory of the rival, complaint and grief, glory of loneliness Complaints of failure, complaining of poverty and deprivation, and complaining of old age are in order of frequency, respectively. But in Saeb Divan, the glory of the persecution of the beloved has the highest frequency, and other subjects such as: the glory of separation, complaining of failure, the glory of old age,

Contradiction and Conflict are an important theme within the field of philosophy and mysticism. One could argue that dichotomies are necessary categories without which the world can’t be apprehended. In addition to extending the capacity of meaning, Contradiction and Conflict have an outstanding role in aesthetics of literary text. Mythical oppositions are one of the frequent elements in Attar’s poem. Analyzing the mythical opposition in Attar’s poems, it has been tried in present paper to clarify the role of mythical opposition in beauty creation and to make it clear how and in what ways the aesthetic aspect have strengthened poetry. The results of this analysis show that the aesthetic value of the mythological contradictions is due to the types of emotions that are being transmitted to the audience. The mythical oppositions in Attar's poetry convey emotion to the audience in two ways and thereby create aesthetic pleasure in him: 1- through representation and allegory; 2- through the creation of a sense of oneness and unity.

Prose is informative and poetry describes and conveys emotion. But sometimes we come across prose that goes beyond the news and engages the audience Among literary prose texts, such prose may seem somewhat natural but poetic prose within a historical and political text attracts the reader to a great extent. The Tarikh al vozarā is a history book in the sixth century in which Abu al-Rajā Qomi wrote fifty years of the Seljuk ministry in poetic prose. Abu al-Rajā Qomi has tried to create different prose in this work with the help of the beautiful elements of speech and to create poetic prose, far from the tasks of the Arabic language, with the help of Persian literary language resources. In this article, an attempt has been made to study and analyze the poetic prose of this work in an analytical-descriptive manner based on a library study To the poetic prose that the author has used in this book; To be determined

As a subcategory of grammatical metaphors, metaphors of transitivity are discussed in Halliday's Systemic Functional Grammar. This article attempts to compare metaphors of transitivity in two of Saadi's literary genres – didactic and romantic. Findings of the study, conducted in a descriptive-analytical method, are as follows: 1) Surprisingly, the surface structure of clauses from Saadi's romantic poetry indicates a higher frequency of material processes over others, followed by relational processes by far. In didactic poetry, at surface structure level, material and relational processes exceeded others, both having been used almost in the same frequency. Next frequently used process type is mental. However, the analysis of clauses suggests that a considerable number of clauses from Saadi's poetry are, substantially, mental or behavioral at deep structure level. This depicts human's internal emotions thoroughly, but, when carried into surface structure level, these processes are transformed into material and relational processes under metaphor of transitivity.It seems that, for romantic poems, the poet has been trying to further visualize and perceptualize the internal emotions of characters or lovers in his stories significantly. The transformation of mental and behavioral processes into material and relational ones is significantly more frequent in Saadi's romantic poetry compared to his didactic poetry. 2) Considering the fact that a segment of metaphors of transitivity in Saadi's poetry are either indicative of metonymy or contain secondary connotations construed in rhetoric, it seems so that the metaphor of transitivity can help literary researchers rethink a number of concepts related to semantics and eloquence.

Sassanid kings ruled in Iran for a long time and various historical books have been written about them . One of the famous kings of this period is Shapur Zolaktaf who ruled more than the other kings of this dynasty . His foreign policy in settling the border situation and expelling the invading Arabs and Romans is of great importance . The history of Tabari and Ferdowsi's Shahnameh are both among the books that have written about the reign of this king. In this research , while introducing the historiography method of these two authors, the method of narrating the story of Shapur Zolaktaf is also expressed. The history of Tabari describes this long period with brevity and does not elaborate on any of the events . However , Ferdowsi composed important parts of this story in a narrative way and used elements of description , dialogue and scene .

The whole universe is germinated by a primary being that is the origin of the unity of existence. This axiom is a principal belief in Sufism vision of life. This primary being is incarnated in a vast array of abstractions and revelations; thus; the Holistic vision of Sufis enables them to discover the primary being as origin of unity of existence through its various manifestations. The Sufis has embarked on a spiritual journey towards an epistemological knowledge of the unity of existence. Saib’s poetry is the story of such a pilgrimage. The present study aimed at investigating Saib’s vision of unity of existence. This data collection in this analytic-descriptive study is done through library research. The findings of the study showed that Saib, holding a vision akin to that of Holistic Sufis, believes in the unity of existence and tries to discover the primary being through pondering on its revelations and embodiments in the Universe.

In the present article, which is in the field of aesthetics, first the concept of aesthetics is defined and then some of Attar Neyshayuri's theories and the reasons for being artistic and poetry literature through emotional and aesthetic propositions are discussed. Beauty is relative and can be studied according to historical, geographical and cultural conditions. Aesthetic criteria include a variety of items that differ from one nation to another. Attar Neyshabouri is a teacher of beauty and aesthetics and love in his Masnavi is the manifestation of human attraction to beauty and perfection. Attar considers beauty as two types: one is spiritual beauty in which the world is the manifestation of Hazrat Haqq. Another type of beauty is the apparent beauty in which the earthly lover is the manifestation of divine beauty. The use of aesthetic elements in poetry, the perception of the poet's emotion and perception by the audience and the attention to the ease of refraining from Attar Neyshabouri's Masnavi are some of the factors that have a great impact on aesthetic perception. wo