Journal of Research in Psychopathology
Volume:2 Issue: 4, Spring 2021

Extramarital affair is one of the most important issues in society and one of the main factors disrupting the foundation of family life. The aim of this study was to compare the psychological profile of men and women with extramarital affairs with normal people. The research method is causal-comparative and the population included all men and women who betrayed their spouses referred to counseling and psychology centers and clinics and all normal men and women in Gorgan city in 2013. Sampling of betrayers was performed through availability and normal individuals at random. The sample size was 200 people (50 male and 50 female betrayers and 50 men and 50 normal women) and the participants filled the Minnesota Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire. For data analysis, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test were used. The results revealed that in the subscale of social deviation between men who cheated on their spouses with normal men and between women who cheated on their husbands and normal women, as well as hypomania between women who cheated on their wives and normal men and self-morbidity among women who cheated on them. Normal men and women were different. But other subscales of the Minnesota Personality Questionnaire (depression and hysteria) did not differ significantly between the groups. The presence of some disorders in people can be the cause or predisposing factor for some social disorders such as infidelity.

The aim of this study was to design and develop an integrated educational protocol based on Islamic religious-psychological teachings and evaluate its effectiveness on the resilience of adolescents with a tendency to high-risk behaviors.  The present study was a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The population of the present study included all male high school students who were studying in Ardabil in the 2017-2018 academic year.  For sampling, first 200 students were randomly selected through multi-stage sampling. After identifying students with high-risk behaviors using the Iranian Adolescents Risk Scale, the sample was finally randomly selected from 30 students with a tendency to high-risk behaviors based on entry and exit criteria. 15 participants were assigned to the experimental group and 15 to the control group. The Connor and Davidson Resilience Questionnaire and the Iranian Adolescent Risk Scale (IARS) were used to collect the data.  For the experimental group, 8 educational programs designed based on religious-psychological teachings were held for 10 sessions of 60 minutes.  The control group did not receive any intervention. One week after the intervention, both experimental and control groups were post-tested. Analysis of covariance was used to test the hypotheses. The results of data analysis showed that education based on religious-psychological teachings increases the resilience of adolescents with tendencies to high-risk behaviors. According to the results of the present study, it can be said that integrated psychotherapy based on religious-psychological teachings with an Islamic approach is an effective and efficient intervention in increasing resilience and reducing adolescents' tendency to high-risk behaviors

A narcissistic personality disorder is one of the most difficult personality patterns to treat. People with the narcissistic disorder cannot express their weaknesses and understand the impact of their behavior on others. The goal of the study is to investigate the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and narcissistic personality characteristics. So, 225 male and female undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral students were selected by availability sampling from the students of Urmia University in the academic year 2019-2020 (N = 17000). All participants filled the Young schema questionnaire and the Ames narcissistic personality questionnaire. The data were analyzed by SPSS software version 22 using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The results of data analysis showed, there is a positive and significant correlation between early maladaptive schemas and narcissistic personality characteristics (R = 0.663). In other words, with an increase in early maladaptive schemas, the narcissistic personality characteristic also increases and vice versa (43% of common variance). The findings of the research can help and create a context for further and comprehensive research in this area.

Social anxiety disorder is diagnosed based on a strong and persistent fear of performance in social situations. Research has shown that, it is common, complex, and debilitating. This disorder persists if left untreated. Adolescents with social anxiety disorders suffer from poor academic performance and mental health. The present study was performed in order to investigate the effectiveness of assertiveness on social anxiety and coping with stress among high school female students. In this quasi-experimental study (pre-test and post-test with control group), the population included all high school female students in Roudbar,Iran. Among 168 students, 30 students who got scores above 30 in the Watson and Friend Social Anxiety Questionnaire were randomly selected and divided into an experimental group (n = 15) and a control group (n = 15). In addition to the Social Anxiety Questionnaire, the Folkman and Lazarus Coping Strategies Questionnaire was also administered. The results demonstrated that assertiveness training is effective on social anxiety and coping with stress among high school female students (p < .001). Based on these findings, it can be concluded that assertiveness training is effective in reducing anxiety and increasing students' coping strategies.

Premenstrual syndrome is one of the most common problems of reproductive age, which is seen in varying degrees in 85-90% of women during the reproductive age. Also, in 20-40% of cases, people suffer from physical or mental problems and disabilities such as anxiety. Girls with premenstrual syndrome need to use effective coping strategies and methods due to various psychological problems. Coping strategies reduce the severity of stress and its physical and psychological consequences and make the person adapt to different stresses. This research was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design and a control group. The population of the present study included high school girls in Ardabil, who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. From this population, 32 people were randomly assigned to an experimental and a control group. Then, the questionnaire of premenstrual syndrome symptoms and Beck Anxiety Scale were completed in two stages before and after the test, and in the meantime, a training program for coping techniques was administered to the experimental group in 10 two-hour sessions. Data analysis was performed using ANCOVA of SPSS. The results of data analysis showed that coping strategies training program changes and decreases anxiety (F=16.01, p = .0001, Partial  2= 0.35) scores of students with premenstrual syndrome. Therefore, according to the results, it can be said that most of the emotional problems of people and behaviors related to those emotions are rooted in their irrational expressions when faced with situations or events that are not to their liking. Therefore, people's awareness of how cognitive, emotional and behavioral elements are related to events and examining them in the form of practice and experience can control emotions such as anxiety.

The present research was conducted aiming at determining the effectiveness of tactical defenses clarification in intensive and short-term dynamic psychotherapy on trait and state anxiety. This research is of quasi-experimental (pre-test and post-test design with a control group) type. The population included the patients referring to the clinic in Saeedieh Tower in Hamedan in 2018. The participants were selected by voluntary sampling with non-random selection and random assignment. For the selection, 13 applicants were selected and placed in the experimental group and 13 other applicants were selected and placed in the control group as well. The data were collected by means of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Interventions for the experimental group were performed in 10 sessions for 45 minutes weekly and no intervention was conducted for the control group. The findings showed that the difference between the mean scores of trait anxiety and state anxiety between the control and the experiment group was significant and it can be mentioned that the decrease in state and trait anxiety is due to independent variable effectiveness. Significance was found in trait anxiety (p = 0.001, f =14.27) and in state anxiety (p = 0.001, f =15.30). The results indicate that the tactical defenses clarification based on intensive and short-term dynamic psychotherapy has led to a reduction in state and trait anxiety