نشریه تاریخ اسلام و ایران
سال سی و یکم شماره 50 (تابستان 1400)

There are reports considering armies, riders, and caravans’ movements in historical evidence and classical narratives, including departure and arrival times, or calculable. Also, there are accounts such as itineraries and similar evidence measuring distances between most parts of the Arsacid Empire. These two kinds of information, namely travel time and distance, provide necessary data for calculating riders, armies, and caravans’ travel speed. Gathering this sporadic information and calculating travel speed in the Arsacid empire era is the goal of this research to answer the following question: what was the overland travel speed in the Arsacid empire period? In the meantime, inaccuracies of the data available and the existence of impassable or unsecured routes forbade us to achieve an exact conclusion about the travel speed, so an approximate range has been calculated. By case study and comparing these calculations to previous ones in contemporary or previous eras, the range of couriers’ travel speed was between 80 to 277 km/day, the range of campaigns travel speed was between 10 to 50 km/day. The range of motion for trade caravans was between 40 to 60 km/day and for political delegations was 10 to 15 km/day.

Religious and historical figures are good subjects for making films and for making connections between history and the media because of their appeal and influence on the audience. The transfer of historical data through cinema and television as the most high-profile media, necessitates the interaction between media partners and professionals and historians in order to properly convey information to the viewer. This is doubly important in connection with the making of the film about the life of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) before the resurrection due to the existence of Israelis in early biography. The film Mohammad Rasoolullah (PBUH) directed by Majid Majidi depicts this part of the life of the Prophet (PBUH). Given the importance and impact of this film on a large section of society that can be effective in building people's mentality towards the Prophet (PBUH), the following article seeks to examine the extent of Israel's reflection in it. To this end, a comparative approach first identifies the Israelis in the historical sources used in the film and then reflects on how they are reflected in the film. The findings show that the creators of the film Muhammad Rasoolullah (PBUH) relied on Ibn Ishaq's narrations to obtain historical data, and with little attention to the serious criticisms made about the accuracy of these data, the existing Israelis They are reflected in a significant part of the film, moving from historical reality to transcendental and inaccessible dimensions.

The necessity of change in the social and individual status of women as one of the most important conditions for getting rid of backwardness and following the path of modernity, had a special place in the thought of the intellectuals of the Qajar era, especially after the constitution. These intellectuals tried to study and introduce the status of American women through various tools, including publications. The present study aims to examine the process of awareness and knowledge of Iranians about the position of American women and its effects and results, using a descriptive and analytical method and relying on the press of this period. The findings of the study indicate that the press of this period, which knew the secret of the backwardness of Iranian women in the lack of education, while describing the admirable social status of American women, emphasized the need to educate Iranian women and change their status. in a result, the education of Iranian girls in American schools, which had already begun, expanded to the point where even continuing education in the United States was considered, and Iranian political representatives in the United States facilitated it. As a result, a large number of Iranian girls went to that country.

Iran’s economy was in crisis in the decade leading up to the Constitutional Revolution. The crisis was characterized by a budget deficit, rising foreign debt, structural corruption, unemployment and labor migration to foreign countries, and a lack of economic infrastructure. The consequences of the crisis were more pronounced than any other sector in the increase in the price of essential goods. The present study tries to answer the question by studying the grounds for thr crisis of rising prices and its effects: whats actions did the Qajar government take during the reign of Mozaffar al-din Shah to curb the crisis of rising prices, and what were the results of the government’s actions? The hypothesis of the present article is that, in the Qajar government, there was no single economic policy to curb rising prices, and the measures taken were partial and based on the individual abilities of government officials. Therefore, as the research findings show, the formation of the regulatory Assembly of rates, tax exemptions and reductions, export bans, increase imports, payment of differences in prices of essential goods, tightening price controls, dismissal of some government officials and the use of force. In the short term, prices slowed, but in the medium term, to no avail, leading to social unrest and livelihood riots. The method of the present research is historical with a descriptive-analytical approach.

From the very beginning of the Mongol invasion of the kingdom of Sultan Mohammad Kharazmshah, several proposals were made to counter and repel the attack. One of the most important proposals - which was valuable in various ways - was presented by Atabak Lor "King Nasreddin Hazarasb". He suggested the famous and strategic Takow Strait near Behbahan - between Behbahan and Dehdasht Kohgiluyeh - to prevent and confront the Mongols. This narrow and long; Filled with running water and running and stagnant springs, hard-to-reach and impregnable peaks and ridges, large caves and caverns for food storage, precipices and steep slopes for throwing expensive and destructive stones And there were cases like that.In addition, Atabek Lor believed that at least one hundred thousand warriors from the tribes of Lor, Shool, and Persia could be gathered and fought and resisted in the strait. However, the sultan did not accept and, like other proposals, rejected and rejected the path of repentance and destiny. Using historical research method and descriptive-analytical method, this article collects and evaluates first-hand source reports and seeks to answer this main question by criticizing the opinion of current researchers.Where is the proposed place of Atabak Lor for confronting the Mongols and what were the mentioned advantages and disadvantages and why did Sultan Mohammad not accept it? The findings show that Sultan Khwarezmshahi, out of fear and anxiety,

From the first decades of the twentieth century, with the advent of French colonization (1881-1956), women and their rights came into focus. During this period, following the influence and growth of the religious reform movement in the region, the dominant discourse in Tunisia was the discourse of Islamic modernity. Proponents of women's rights also took an Islamic approach to defending feminism, using religious interpretations to put religious concepts at the service of the feminist movement. Issues such as hijab, women's education and employment, polygamy and the right to divorce were challenged, but were met with a backlash from the public and some traditionalist scholars. The main issue of the present study is, firstly, what factors led to the evolution of the status of women and the formation of women's advocacy movements during the colonial period, and secondly, what were the consequences of these developments? Findings show that factors such as the arrival of modernity in Tunisia, the role of colonialism, the support of Islamic modernists for women's rights and the formation of unions had an effective role in improving the social status of women and issues such as girls' schools In social and political activities, it was one of the important consequences of the reforms. These reforms paved the way for further wider developments, namely government support for feminism and the emergence of a secular women's movement during Tunisia's independence.

The wars of Iran and Greece during the Achaemenid period, which took place during the reign of Darius the Great and his successor, Xerxes, are among the most important historical issues that for some reason the Persians failed in these wars. One of the most influential factors in any war is the geographical issues of the battle zone. The present study has examined and analyzed the role of geographical factors in the performance of the Achaemenian against the Greeks, and the purpose of this study is to analyze how the geographical factors, both military and natural, influence in the Iran-Greece wars. This article tries to answer the question of what geographical traps the Achaemenian caught in their attacks on Greece that affected the outcome of the battle. The results of the study indicate that despite the fact that the Achaemenian considered many aspects in their attacks, but in several situations they neglected to consider and identify geographical barriers that weakened or defeated them. The present paper completes the data collection through library studies and presents the results through historical descriptive analysis.