پژوهشنامه تاریخ های محلی ایران
سال نهم شماره 18 (بهار و تابستان 1400)

Although Azerbaijan was in a state of political turmoil in the fourth century AH, it enjoyed economic prosperity due to its rich natural and human resources, strategic location, and the development of cities, roads, and villages. This survey intends to study the causes of economic prosperity of Azerbaijan in the mentioned political conditions by focusing on historical data by descriptive-analytical method with a focus on production and trade. The findings show that with the decline of the Abbasid caliphate and the rise of independent and semi-independent rulers in Azerbaijan and the occurrence of civil and foreign wars and the consequent destruction of cities and villages that imposed costs on the people, but by adopting Independent fiscal policies and negligence on the part of the people led to the growth of the popular economy, increased diversity of agricultural, livestock and industrial products, expansion of trade, prosperity of exports and development of the Azerbaijan economy.

Several Atabeg dynasties emerged in different parts of Iran in the second half of the 6/12th century as a result of the weakness of the Seljuqs. One of which was formed by the elders of the Afshar tribe in the region of Khuzestan and Lorestan. One of their chiefs, Shumleh, entered the Seljuqid court and went to Khuzestan in the political turmoil after the death of the Seljuqid Sultan Masud in 547 A.H. With the support of some of the Seljuqid princes, he founded the new Atabeg dynasty in this area, which may be named the Banu Shumleh dynasty after its founder. In this descriptive-analytical research, the establishment, legitimization, stabilization and finally the decline of this lesser known dynasty will be investigated. The findings show that the weakness of the Seljuqid and the favorable political activity of the Atabeg institution were conducive to the presence of Afshars in power struggles. The rulers of this dynasty sought to gain the necessary legitimacy to consolidate and maintain their power by the establishment of social security in the territory and setting up friendly or contentious relations with the existing powers, such as the Seljuqid court, the Abbasid caliphate and the Atabegs of Azerbaijan and Atabegs of Fars. However, the dynasty was overthrown following pointless conflicts with neighboring governments, the weakness of the Shumleh’s successors and various economic, political, and social problems.

In Kerman governments trying to promote of agriculture and taking water and water sharing, have a stable income. Geographers have reported that in Kerman in early Islamic centuries, agriculture prospered and achieved various agricultural product. But trade was booming for lack of proper roads, cities that were far, Natural barriers such as mountains and Government's inability to provide security. Kerman Seljuks changed the economic structure and put your trade on the region's economy. The present article is descriptive-analytical approach and relying on library resources study to Seljuk stance on economic issues and changes in the Seljuk period in the economic structure than ever before appeared Kerman. According to the result achieved which Seljuks features tribal and pastoral damaged agriculture in Kerman but they could earn huge revenue and greatly change the economic model Kerman with take over the trade routes.

With the formation of the Safavid government and the beginning of the Ottoman-Iran wars in northwestern Iran, Maku region, with Maku Castle as its center, became one of the gateways between Persian territories and eastern Anatolia in the center of these battles. The castle’s ownership shifted many times between the Safavids and the Ottomans. Where did Maku Castle stand in the Ottoman-Safavid conflicts? The present study attempted to investigate the status of Maku Castle during the Ottoman-Safavid conflicts via an analytical research approach. The study claims that Maku Castle had an important place in the military policy of the Safavids and the Ottomans due to its stability and location at the Iranian-Anatolian border crossing, and this issue was the cause of the disputes between the two powers over this castle. The result was that the Ottomans and Safavids tried to consolidate their influence along the border by lodging their own tribes at Maku Castle. Shah Abbas I showed his military superiority over the Ottomans by defeating the Ottoman-affiliated tribes in northwestern Iran, capturing Maku Castle, and housing the Bayat tribe in the fortress of this castle. During the reign of Shah Safi, the Ottomans seized Maku Castle, which was destroyed under the Zuhab peace treaty. However, the Safavids, in violation of the peace treaty, captured the castle and controlled it, with brief pauses, until the fall of Isfahan.

Kalhor tribe is one of the prominent tribes in western Iran, which has been living in the foothills of the Zagros since ancient times and like other tribes, has played a role in the political and military history of Iran. This study aims to clarify the position of the Kalhor tribe in political and military events in the west of the country by describing and analyzing first-hand source data, local history, and authoritative research texts. It seeks to answer these questions: What were the relations of the Kalhor tribe with the rulers of Iran from the Safavid period to the end of the reign of Mohammad Shah Qajar? And what role did this tribe play in the relations between Iran and the Ottoman Empire? The findings of the study indicate that the Kalhor tribe had less influence and power in the court of the Safavid kings than the Zanganeh tribe did. The continuous revolts of the Kalhor tribe, especially in the first half of the rule of this dynasty until the reign of Shah Abbas I, led to ignoring the Kalhor leaders by the ruling power. During the Afshari period, due to Nader Shah’s conflicts with the Ottomans and the need for the cooperation of the western tribes, there was a relative improvement in the relations of the Kalhor tribe with the government. In the days of Zandieh dynasty, the elders of the Kalhor tribe played their historical role alongside the central power by helping Karim Khan Zand to achieve the monarchy and establishing family ties with him. The Kalhor tribe played an effective role in the battles of Iran and the Ottoman Empire during the Qajar period and the rule of Mohammad Ali Mirza Dolatshah over Kermanshah until the end of the reign of Mohammad Shah Qajar.

In the twelfth century AH, Ilmokri was the most important tribe in the Savojbolagh region. Geographical location, social structure and high population power allowed Mokri tribe to play an important role in the political and social developments of Savojbolagh and its surrounding region. The endeavors of this tribe in Mokrian region caused them to have multilateral relations and the central power and other tribes of the region were on the other side. These endeavors had made Savojbolagh Mokri and Mokrian area the focal point of countless events and developments. This descriptive-analysis research not only examines the internal developments of Ilmokri but also studies the relations and political developments of Savojbolagh region during the rule of Afsharians and Zandians in the twelfth century AH. It analyzes the subject based on what is mentioned in the historical sources of the twelfth century (in terms of social status and geographical origin) as well recent investigations.    The results of the research show that in the era of Afshari and Zandiyeh governments, Ilmokri was trying to seize power while cooperating with the central government, and as a result, forced it to provide security in a region that increased the interests of the Mokri tribe. On the other hand, considering the weakness of the central government, it wanted to pursue an active regional policy in order to provide the necessary and sufficient grounds, including alliance with other tribes in the region and participation as the head of the local government to achieve a superior and central position in the Savojbolagh region

Following the collapse of the Safavid dynasty, Iran experienced a new historical phase. One of the significant features of this era, was the immigration, residence and dominance of different tribal groups toward the northern side of the Persian Gulf. After Nader Shah came to power, he gave special attention to the Persian Gulf, established the Navy and used the capacity and seamanship of some of these immigrant tribes. The fusion of these tribes and Iranians, gave them a unique status as the Naderi soldiery. The founder of Zandiyeh dynasty, Karim Khan Zand, notably profited from these local powers to set up his dominance all over the country and stabilized his court in Shiraz. In this research, the role of one of the important leaders named GhaedHeidar, as one of the allies of Zandiyeh government, has been carefully studied. This research has studied GhaedHeidar’s relationships with Zandieyeh government, foreign companies and also his two southern neighbors, Al-Zaab in Bandar Rig and Al-Mazkoor in Bushehr. The purpose of the present study is to determine how Haider's relationship with Karim Khan, EIC and VOC companies and other local governors was. Moreover, what led to tense relations between them will be investigated. This historical research is descriptive-analytical and relies on documentary and library sources.

After the victory of the Constitutional Revolution, southern Iran underwent many political changes, culminating in the World War I. The merchants of Bushehr, who had gained more economic power since the beginning of the nineteenth century and had gradually become interested in social and political activities, were opposed to Britain and an ally of the constitutional clergy, and as an influential social group, have the religious, national and economic interests. During the events of the southern movement, the merchants of Bushehr were always in conflict with these interests, and usually by ignoring the economic interests, they supported the positions of the constitutionalist clerics and acted in the national interest. As the movement continued to struggle and the growing economic losses inflicted on traders due to the insecurity of trade routes and the cessation of trade, they gradually became reluctant to continue supporting the movement and eventually withdrew. The present article tries to answer the question with the method of qualitative analysis: what effect did the economic approach of Bushehr businessmen have on their orientation to join or not to accompany the southern movement? The purpose of this study is how and why the dual positions of Bushehr businessmen and the result of the research shows that Bushehr businessmen, motivated by the establishment of order and security and enjoying its economic and political interests, converged and joined the southern movement, but after despair of achieving the goals, and the economic costs, They withdrew from the movement.

Qazvin is one of the important provinces in terms of geography as well as lucrative revenues was always considered by the government during the Qajar period.But these privileges,which should have been spent on the city and welfare of people, was all about filling of the no capacity pockets of princes.among the princes, Abdulsamad Mirza Izaldawla, the brother of king Nasser Addin ,was appointed governor of Qazvin in three periods . The first period coincided with his adolescence, the second period ended with the lack of bread and the revolt of the people against him and the third period which is the main consideration of this paper ,although it does not last more than a year,we traced in the remaining documents of his period and among those documents, it can be seen that rule of Izaldawla was not so justified appearance in Qazvin.  The present study, while examining and explaining of how is the performance of Izaldawla in Qazvin and Alamut region in three mentioned period based on historical documents and texts, looking at recent investigations and researches analyses for the reason of his performance.Therefore the main question of the article will be what interests expedience lies behind the performance of Izadawla, relying on that time documents and also the dissatisfaction in those documents is that both monetary benefits and political interests which played major roles for the reason of his performances. The method of this article is a descriptive and analytical that has been organized with the benefit of unpublished documents of that period well as library resources.

After the Safavid Government, the importance of the city of Isfahan diminished and many buildings were abandoned due to the transfer of the government center and the government compound fell into ruin. After the beginning of the Qajar dynasty and the efforts of the ruler of Isfahan Mirza Hosein Khan Sadr Isfahani, Isfahan began flourishing again and wealthy families of merchants and landlords were formed. As a result, the construction of houses with common architecture and influenced by the social status of its owners began. This research has been done with the method of historical interpretive research. The required data have been collected and analyzed from documentary sources, field studies, annexes and oral histories. Findings show that the meaning of social status is manifested through spatial characteristics in three scales: micro (home), medium (neighborhood) and macro (district).

Sultan Abad, Iraq, is the old name of the city of Arak, which was built at the time of Fathali Shah Qajar in (1231 AH ) by his warlord Yusuf Khan Gurji. The philosophy behind the building of the city was the creation of a military center and the construction of a garrison for the security of the region. As time went by, business and economic activity flourished in the area. Relying on various documents related to that period, this descriptive-analytical research investigates the economic and commercial conditions of this region, especially handmade carpet industry and trade. The purpose of this research is to explain how exports and complaints from foreign merchants and foreign companies in Sultan Abad to the relevant ministries and the National Assembly had an effect on the foreign trade of this province, namely carpets. The findings of this research show that the attention of the central government and foreign companies along with the participation of local merchants made Arak one of the main centers of carpet production in the mentioned period. On the other hand, the First World War, followed by political, economic and logistical destabilization, slowed the development of Iraq.

The transfer of the oil concession to William Knox Darcy in 1901, followed by the discovery of oil in the Masjed Soleyman oil field in 1908, provided the ground for employment and migration of labor from abroad and inside to the Masjed Soleyman . The managers of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company set up temporary shelters in the form of labor camps to accommodate the migrant labor force. Gradually, with the increasing migration of labor and construction of the company's houses, the initial cores of Masjed-e-Soliman were laid by the designers and architects of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. The findings of the research indicate that Masjed-e-Soleiman Company owes its existence, formation and development to oil wells and the construction and urban planning measures of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. In the present study, by combining descriptive-analytical method and using library resources and new documents and researches, the role of Anglo-Iranian Oil Company in the formation and development of Masjed-e-Soliman's urban body from the beginning of oil discovery to nationalization of oil industry has been tried. To be and evaluated.

Public health is about the individual, group and community. Components such as personal, social and environmental health and water are important. Considering the importance of water in public health, this study investigates the process of drinking water in Bushehr city from the Qajar to Pahlavi dynasty. We have answered this question in a descriptive and analytical way and with the help of historical data from historical research methods. The research findings show that with the efforts of the Qajar and Pahlavi governments in the process of developing and maintaining public health, the issue of drinking water became important from the Qajar period onwards. During the Pahlavi era, following the development plans of the country, public health was promoted, and with the establishment of health institutions and popular efforts, mechanisms were developed to supply piped water and potable water treatment in Bushehr despite existing obstacles.

Zanjan city had played a significant role in contemporary history,due to being located between Tehran and Azarbaijan.  During World War II , this city due to the placement on the levelled roads and railway attracted the attention of Allies at first. when Iran was divided between The Allies at 1320, Zanjan and other northern cities was transferred to Soviet. After this turning point , the Soviet's political- economic encroachment and interference in Zanjan city is appeared and the cause of the shortage of bread and cereal was the plunder measures of them in Zanjan. The Present study seeks to explain the condition of Zanjan during the World War II as long as looking for the answer of this question: what was the effect of The Allies' economic orientation in the dearth and famine, shortage of bread and cereal in Zanjan? According to the documents from 1319, wheat and other products' harvest in zanjan was in a good amount But The Soviets caused the shortage of bread and the local people's revolt with some steps such as buying wheat from free market, exporting the excess amount of wheat and other products and also dealership and hoarding. ‏The present research approach is descriptive- analytic and the data has been collected by documentary method and library resources ,field research and oral interview.

World War II, like World War I, despite its declaration of neutrality soon swamped Iran, its strategic position to help the Soviets overcome Germany paved the way for the British, US, and Soviet powers to occupy Iranian territory. The US military presence in Iran has been analyzed from the same perspective. As helping the Soviet Union and trying to strengthen the supply corridor of the Soviet front. The question of the paper is whether the US presence in Iran was merely to help the Soviet Union, or whether the US, by withdrawing from the policy of the Monroe Doctrine, was practically seeking to play a role beyond that and seek to play a role in important and strategic regions of the world. In this article, using the method of historical research and the use of American documents, we seek to answer the contexts and reasons for the presence of this country in Iran during World War II. Our assumption is based on the fact that the United States, with sufficient knowledge of the strategic importance of the Persian Gulf during the war and also the day after the war, planned for a long-term presence and proceeded accordingly. The findings of the study also indicate that the United States, using various methods while inclining Iranian politicians to the West, by establishing a base and implementing policies to orient public opinion in Iran, has a long-term plan to be present in the Persian Gulf.