نشریه مدیریت و توسعه ورزش
سال دهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 26، تابستان 1400)

The utilization of Guilan's indigenous-local capital and heritages is considered as an effective factor in diversifying sport tourism attractions, promoting economic prosperity and employment, and defining strategic priorities for sport tourism development.

In a applied and descriptive-analytical study, the supply of indigenous sports sports in Gilan province was identified and then the internal and external influencing factors on the development of tourism and sports were collected.By interviewing 10 sport tourism specialists and distributing the questionnaire among 132 sport and tourism professionals in Guilan and provincial sport tourists, who were selected based on purposive, convenience and snowball sampling, the most important factors were identified as strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Then, strategies were formulated into four groups of SWOT matrices using these factors and SWOT analysis. Finally, strategies were compared and ranked using paired comparisons in the AHP hierarchical analysis.

Geographical location, diverse natural attractions and indigenous-local ancient sports were the most important strengths for developing sports tourism in the province and lack of sport tourism infrastructure and lack of necessary cooperation between trustee organizations and local community were the most important weaknesses.Emploing and revitalizing and preserving the local capital and heritage of the local-indigenous sport tourism were the most important opportunity; and the elimination and neglect ion of cultural customs as well as the gradual degradation of natural resources were reported as the most important threats to provincial sport tourism from the statistical population perspective.

Indigenous-Local Sport Tourism Offerings in Guilan, as a cultural and social capital have a growingfunction of introverts and extroverts at the micro and macro levels, but so far they have not been properly exploited. In order to plan and implement future programes for the sport tourism development and use these capitals, the first strategic priority is the defensive strategy in which the vulnerability removal of the study area and the use of effective strategies are emphasized.

The purpose of this study was to present a model for analysis of culturalization mechanism of fan behavior in Iran football stadiums.

The research method was descriptive-correlative, in terms of purpose, it was functional and in terms of the data collection method, it was a field. The statistical population of the present study was all employees of the department of culture and development of sports of the general directorate of sports and youth of the provinces of the country, as well as the chairman, vice chairman and secretary of the football association of the provinces of the country and finally the managers of the Islamic Republic of Iran football federation and the league organization (169 people). The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire composed of 54 items that were evaluated in qualitative section by Delphi method for validity, content, and formality validation of the soccer sports experts (5 people) and sports management professors (5 people). By applying experts' opinion and by calculating the importance of each item in the questionnaire, and the reliability of the tool was obtained by Cronbach's alpha coefficient α = 0.88.

Regarding the dimensions and priority of the model structures, the results indicated that the priority of the structures included the systematic culturalization, provision of facilities and services, the development of the stadium culture, the division of inter-organizational work, system monitoring and control, the behavior building of the sponsor, capacity building of the event culture, Inter-sectoral coordination, and cross-sectoral coordination and determine the role of stakeholders.

By understanding of culturalization mechanism of fan behavior we can received a new category based on previous studies, managers' experiences, and the perception of sports management experts. This model is appropriate framework for future studies in the field of culture development in the football stadiums, and can be the basis of action. Because comprehensive cognition based on identifying key factors and how they interact with each other and provides continuous evaluation capability, and it can take a comprehensive view for officials and planners.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of sport in the realization of Islamic strategic values.

Qualitative research was conducted with hermeneutic and phenomenological approaches. Data were collected by searching Quran verses, authentic hadiths and strategic documents of the Iran's sports. Then, by theoretical sampling method depth semi-structured interview was conducted with 46 religious experts, university and sports managers an aimed at achieving theoretical saturation. Data analysis was done with Inductive and reductionism approach. The validity of the research has been confirmed in terms of plausible, defensible and trustworthiness.

The research findings showed that sport has a high potential in realizing Islamic strategic values ​​in the hierarchy of world life values (Economics and livelihood, health, security) Individual (Islamic education), social (maintaining the Islamic system, dignity of Islam and Muslims, justice, reform, kindness, development) to communication with God (faith).

Introducing the potential of sports to create value in society and the realization of Islamic strategic values, can turn it into one of the strategic phenomena for the Islamic Republic. And sport to achieve its appropriate position in the future plans of the country, such as the seventh development plan and the second step of the Revolution.

Improving the brand of human resource and the organizational image resulting, will shape the committed employees. The brand and reputation of human resource are among the main factors in shaping the competitive advantages. The researcher has tried to develop a human resources management model in Northwest sports facilities.The study is an applied and descriptive research. The statistical society consists of all managers and staff of sports places(halls, sport complexes, swimming pools, stadiums and etc.) across the cities of East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan and Ardabil, which are 1267 people, according to the inquiry from the relevant support from the sports and youth organization of these provinces and physical education assistance of the Northwest of country. The sampling method of this research was randomized, categorical and the sample was determined 350 according to the Morgan table. In this research, a path analytic method was used to establish the model and review it. According to this analysis, a complied pattern was developed based on experimental data. All analyzes were performed using SPSS22 software. Structural equations were used for modeling. According to the results of the research, the following policies and actions affect the formation of human resource branding: The proposed value of employment, brand communication, brand of staff, organization brand and products brand.

The purpose of this study was designing the model of  sports talent development system in Iran.

In the present research, qualitative research method based on Grounded theory was used. Also, for data collection, snowball sampling and semi-structured interviews with 16 elites, who aware of the subject, were used. The collected data were analyzed by coding the Grounded Theory with the constructivist approach by Charms (2006). coding was done in two phases: initial coding and focused coding. Then theoretical coding was used to form focused codes. Also the data has been verified periodically by the researcher.

The Results shows that the model of sports talent development system in Iran has four parts which include: input (specialist human sources, financial sources and infrastructure sources)  processes (talent management, competition, education, scientific approach and also three necessities like talent support, efficient structure, institutional coordination and communication) output (national and international successes, the development of championship and professional sport, gaining financial results and having enough talent) and  feedback (Control and evaluation system).

to implement a talent development system in the country, 15 key factors classified in 4 major modules should be considered.  It is crucial to understand the importance of each module, since any minor problem in any of these modules, will generate problems for other modules.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the position of sport spending in Iranian households' consumption basket, to estimate sport demand and to calculate income elasticity.

In order to achieve this goal, using the cost and income data of the household in 2017, first, the status of sports expenses was assessed based on the household economic characteristics and then the sport demand was estimated using the Tobit model.

The results show a very small contribution of 0.15 and 0.27% of sports expenses to the total cost of rural and urban households. The results of the model estimation show that the increase in income, the literate of household's supervisor and the average age of youngest child in the household will increase the cost of sports. While increasing the age of the head of household and raising household members has a negative effect on sports expenses. Based on estimates, income elasticity of sports expenditure are equal to 1.1, which means the Sports is a luxury goods.

Given the luxury of sport for Iranian households, the role of government institutions in building infrastructure and enhancing sports participation to promote community health is crucial. Accordingly, low-income households, Households with illiterate supervisor, retirees and villagers should be considered by the planners and policymakers of the country's sports sector.

The purpose of this study was to design a dumping model and an anti-dumping strategy in the Iranian sports market.

Its method was applied-descriptive in terms of descriptive-correlation nature. The statistical population of the study was all managers and experts in sport production, importers of sport products, economics professors, sport management and marketing who were selected as the statistical sample (n = 229). The validity of the researcher-made questionnaire was confirmed by experts (n = 14). Its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha test (0.979) and combined reliability. Structural equation modeling with PLS3 and SPSS24 software was used for data analysis and model fitting.

The results showed that dumping strategy had significant effect on dumping results for business (0.786) and dumping outcomes in sport market (0.545). Pricing strategy, market developments, export and import market, supply and demand in the market and competition in the market are also (0.415), (0.355), (0.222), (0.198) and (0.768) had a significant effect on market capacity for dumping. Also market information network factor, market capacity for dumping, purchase culture (0.158), (0.556) and (0.699) had a significant effect on tendency to use dumping. The variable effect of tendency to use dumping on dumping strategy was also significant (0.716).

Therefore, based on this model, one can assess the dimensions of the price breakdown in the sporting goods market, as well as the scientific information on anti-dumping measures that the organization must take to prevent managerial development in the sporting goods market, Provide.

The study investigated the factors affecting the quality of construction process of Iranian football stadiums.

The research method was descriptive-survey with an objective purpose. The statistical population includes: a)directors and experts of the company for the maintenance and development of places and sports spaces; b)contractors and engineers of sport projects; c)administrators of sport soccer provinces; and d)directors and experts of the department of resource management in the department of sports and youth of the country. Statistical samples were available sampling selected provinces of the country (N=127). It used a researcher-made questionnaire, based on the UFA manual. The validity of the questionnaire was evaluated by experts and experts, and it`s Reliability validated through Cronbach's alpha (α=0.90). Statistical methods included K-S test, Friedman test, and confirmatory factor analysis

In order of priority, Design factor (0.95), site and place (0.89), users(0.89), procurement strategy(0.85), equipment and installation(0.80), and structure(0.63) was effective and important. Friedman’s test also showed the same priority was based on the average rating and there significantly.

In general, a variety of human, structural, programmatic and physical factors in terms of users, strategies, design, equipment and etc. are considered as influencing factors on the quality of stadium construction. On the one hand, the concept of quality and quality management are as a systematic approach, the factors mentioned can be considered a systematic approach as influential aspects of planning processes up to construction, also a comprehensive guide for designing and creating quality stadiums in the country.

The present study aimed to identify and prioritize the needs of reverse logistics development in sporting events.

The present study was of a mixed Method. The statistical population of the present study in the qualitative section consisted of experts in the field of sport management who were identified with the necessary research experience and knowledge about the subject of the research. The statistical population in the quantitative research section included some sport event managers in the country, heads of sport federations active in sport events, as well as some expert and knowledgeable academic professors. The research tool consisted of semi-structured interviews in the qualitative section and a researcher-made questionnaire in the quantitative section that designed according to the aims and method of the research.

The results of the present study showed that 6 cultural, technical, managerial, political, human and international needs were identified as the needs of reverse logistics development in sport events. The results of this study showed that cultural needs with 0.451 normal score are the most important requirement for reverse logistics development in sporting events.

Consideration of cultural issues in the development of reverse logistics is one of the most important needs in sporting events. This reflects the cultural shift in the use of reverse logistics.

The purpose of this research is to present a model of strategic thinking relationship with the complexity of the organizational structure of experts of the Ministry of Sports and Youth of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

This research is descriptive of correlation type and is in terms of its purpose. The statistical population of the study was experts from the Ministry of Sport and Youth (N = 320), of which (n = 175) were selected according to the Morgan table and simple random sampling method. After distributing and collecting 210 questionnaires, 175 the questionnaire was collected correctly. Gathering Instrument, Robbins (1987) standard questionnaire and Strategic thinking questionnaire for Lidka and Goldman (1988) models. The validity of the questionnaire was verified by 10 faculty members of physical education and sports sciences. To verify the validity of the questionnaire, the confirmatory factor analysis method was applied to determine the adequacy of the KMO and Bartlett's Test. The reliability of the strategic thinking questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha was 0.81 and the reliability of the questionnaire was 0.77. SPSS and LISREL software was used to analyze the data.

The findings suggest that strategic thinking is related to the complexity of organizational structure and the proposed model has a favorable fit.

According to the findings of the research, the managers of the Ministry of Sports and Youth of the Islamic Republic of Iran can reduce the complexity of organizational structure by knowing the components of strategic thinking and understanding their relationship with the complexity of the organization's structure and strive to select managers with a strategic vision.

The purpose of current study was to develop a pattern of women’s conceptual thinking about corporal aesthetic in sport clubs.

It was qualitative research based on Grounded Theory. To collect data, semi-structured interview was used. Data was analyzed through Grounded Theory (Strauss and Corbin 1998 Approach) and presented in term of paradigm. Sampling was based on theoretical one and purposive (judgment) and snowball (chain) techniques were considered. To this end, we interviewed with 50 customers of sport clubs in Tehran.

Results showed that marriage opportunity, relationship with opposite sex, determinism, attracting attention in virtual space, social changes in erotic capital, fashionism and generation gap were recognized as causal conditions. Intervention conditions were role strain, social comparison, social tagging phobia and awareness of others’ judgment. Emotion suppression, media and simulation of others were found as context conditions. Women’s covering management, extracting people’s opinion and behavioral expression were strategies. Ethical and cultural consequences, mental aspect, and socioeconomic consequences were all the consequences. Finally, individual achievement, appearance beauty, attracting attention in social environments were the main phenomena.

Among women, the dominant culture of body image is based on fashion and media where the commercializing and consumerism are the core of body concept. According to results, it is proposed to reconsider the components to develop women’s conceptual thinking about corporal aesthetic through view of health orientation.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of virtual reality (VR) technology on creating telepresence and flow experience and their impact on brand attitude and purchase intention of sports products.

The present study was quasi-experimental research based on structural equation modeling. The sample size was determined to be 36 using G*Power, which was selected from students of Tehran University who were familiar with this brand. The sampling method was convenience and by accident. Measurement tools included the Keller and Block Vividness Questionnaire (1997), Kim and Ko’s flow experience Questionnaire (2019), the Homer’s Brand Attitude Questionnaire (1990), and the Kang, Lee, and Namkung Purchase Intention Questionnaire (2018). Virtual reality experience was created by the Quilo Virtual Reality Headset. On the other hand, after searching for 3D promotional videos, the 3D promotional video clip of the Mammut mountaineering apparel was selected. The method of implementation was completing the questionnaires by the samples after watching the VR advertisements. Finally, the research data was analyzed by structural equations in PLS 3 software.

The results showed that virtual reality leads to telepresence and flow experience if the image Vividness is appropriate and rich. The flow experience leads to a change of attitude that ultimately effects on the purchase intention.

Overall, the results show that virtual reality technology is an appropriate tool for marketers to deliver a close flow experience to their customers. Nowadays, virtual reality technology has entered to the homes. So, it would be a valuable opportunity for marketers to provide the flow experience to customers at their homes. In addition, it’s suggested for sport stores to be equipped with VR technology. they can also increase effectiveness of this technology by enhancing sensory stimuli, richness and vividness of virtual reality’s containt.