فصلنامه مطالعات تاریخ فرهنگی
پیاپی 44 (تابستان 1399)

From the critical discourse point of view, historical texts are not merely about reporting past events, but related to the way Muslim historians think about it. There is also a connection between the existing text and the political and religious structures and processes. In fact, the author encodes his ideology, the values ​​and beliefs of the society in a special and artistic style in the language. In other words, as the ideology and ideas of the historian and the society of his time have formed the history, it is a constructed issue. Therefore, any historical text can raise the question that to whom did the political, social and religious concerns of the historian draw attention and these names have what kind of identities, under what relationships, with what type of judgment, and using what words and in what kind of configurations. Relying on these theoretical foundations, although the narrations of Fażāel al-Ṣaḥāba are a reflection of the same narrations of the first centuries AH., the selection, arrangement and use of the words in this book have been formed in order to reject and highlight the identity of some companions of the Prophet (PBUH) in order to respond decisively to the religious-political process of the time or to move in the direction of endorsing these processes and ideologies. In this study, in order to retrieve the identity of the Rashidun Caliphs, we use the discourse analysis method of Fairclough to critique and examine the structure of sentences and words used in Fażāel al-Ṣaḥāba.

The collection of works of Sheikh Safi’s tomb is one of the most important collections of art in Iran. The importance and sanctity of this tomb led to the collection of various gifts and votive over the years. After the rise of the Safavid dynasty, the value and importance of these works increased. However, with the fall of the Safavids, the attention of the kings of Iran to this tomb greatly reduced. Hence, some of its property and valuables looted during internal conflicts and foreign attacks. With the formation of the constitutional system and the creation of new administrative mechanisms, some measures were taken to take care of the affairs of the tomb and to register its treasures. The findings show that in the Qajar period, due to the lack of supervision of the central government over the custodians of the tomb and the continuation of the inappropriate process of inheritance trusteeship, the works and property of the tomb were in an unfavorable situation. During the Pahlavi I period, the tomb property identified, registered and examined, and then most of the tomb works transferred to the National Museum of Iran for further restoration and protection. The present study intends to use the historical sources of libraries and documents in order to study the status and historical course of exquisite objects in the tomb of Sheikh Safi from the Safavid to the Pahlavi I period. The research is based on library method, comparision, and resource analysis and the information was collected and organized and analyzed.

In the popular view of the medieval letters, the reconstruction of Shah Armanichr('39')s thought is considered, but in most of the outstanding works of this intellectual tradition, there are signs of a break from the concept of Farreh Izadi and the tendency to a conventional view of politics and government. Hence, the analysis of prominent medieval letters of advice from the perspective of political thought can be the prelude to a modern interpretation of the tradition of advice. Political thought is a rational reflection on the method of production and distribution of power in the context of Medina and provides a framework of the relationship between judgment and obedience. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to extract the categories related to the concepts of judgment and obedience from the text of Qaboosnameh of Amir Ansar al-Machr('39')ali Kikavous Ibn Iskander Ibn Qaboos Ibn Vashmigir Ibn Ziar with special emphasis on the forty-second chapter and analyze them from this perspective to understand the dimensions of Qaboosnameh political thought; A letter of advice that comprehensively and practically expresses the right way to behave in life. The findings of the study indicate that the supreme element casts doubt on the most important part of the ancientschr('39') discourse on politics, namely the divine election and providence of kings, and on a practical and customary basis considers the management of affairs as a factor in the stability of government.

One of the methods of studying historical events is discourse analysis. Throughout the modern history of Iran, the concept of nationalism has continued to exist in various forms with ups and downs. This concept was articulated in the discourse of "liberal nationalism" that began and eventually became the hegemonic discourse before the Constitutional Revolution.   With the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty, textbooks were used in the state discourse.  The ruling power used the discourse of authoritarian nationalism to justify the foundations of government and marginalize other discourses which clearly was expressed in the official history textbooks. Based on Laclau and Mouffe's theory of discourse analysis, this study seeks to see how the concepts, and process of identifying the discourse of liberal nationalism in the textbooks were expressed during the Reza Shah. Examining the textbooks at the time, this study argues that the concepts and components of the discourse of liberal nationalism remained around the central sign of the Iranian nation and the ruling discourse.

In the second half of the nineteenth century, coinciding with extensive cultural and economic developments in the West, the first World Exhibition of Oriental Handmade Carpets held in the Austrian Empire. Considering the importance of carpets in the political and economic life of Iran in that period, the purpose of this study is to identify the background of the formation and results of this exhibition and the place of Iranian handmade carpets in this event. Documentary and historical studies have shown that Iranian carpets took the first place in this exhibition in terms of quantity and quality. The visual and aesthetic values ​​of these carpets promoted the research values ​​of Oriental and Iranian carpets among researchers and the founding of the Vienna School of Carpetology. The admiration of these carpets by critics and cultural elites led to the tendency of museums and art collections to buy and display Iranian carpets in the category of fine arts. The combination of these measures stimulated the demand for the purchase of handmade carpets among Western households and strengthened the production and export of Iranian carpets through the mediation of multinational and Iranian companies.

At first glance, the Daḵma (Crypt) is the reminder of Zoroastrianism and the custom of leaving the dead to nature and “destroying the corpse”. In the Shāhnāma and according to archaeological evidence, we faced with a description of the Daḵma, which is fundamentally different from the Zoroastrian crypts in terms of architecture and ritual, and supports the concept of “burial and archiving of the body”. Therefore, in this article, the term Daḵmasepārī refers to the Shāhnāma and archaeological evidence, and the term Daḵmagoẕārī refers to Zoroastrian crypts. In addition, the findings of this study indicate that although the description of Daḵmasepārī in the Shāhnāma focuses mainly on the narrations of Iranian mythological and historical dynasties such as the Kayanids and Sassanians, but in fact, it is a reflection of archaeological evidence and its sign should find beyond the aforementioned dynasties which mainly belonged to the upper classes and high-ranking people.