نشریه علوم و فنون زنبور عسل ایران
پیاپی 20 (بهار و تابستان 1399)

Bee health is affected by the interactions between various environmental stressors, the most important of which are plant deficiencies, parasites and other pathogens. Poor bee nutrition can exacerbate the negative effects of viral and fungal infectious diseases on bees, and in contrast, these parasites and pathogens can adversely affect the physiology of bee nutrition. There is an effective relationship between social and individual immunity and colonic nutrition. The varroa parasite worsens this relationship by reducing nutritional levels, reducing individual immune function, and transmitting the virus. There is also a potentially harmful interaction between poor bee nutrition and infectious diseases that may lead to reduced bee health. In the fight against bee health challenges, it is recommended to consider improving the nutritional resistance of bees; such a method can protect bees from other environmental stressors such as infectious and pathogens. In order to create nutritional resistance, nature and plant diversity can be enriched for bees with the help of protection and correction programs, and food supplements can be used to meet their nutritional deficiencies.

The addition of food preservatives is used to maintain freshness and prevent the growth of bacteria, but the disadvantages of overuse of chemical preservatives have led to a tendency toward natural food preservatives. In this study, fennel extract and propolis extract were prepared as natural preservatives and antibacterial effects, minimum concentration inhibiting bacterial growth without inhibition of extracts were considered as the minimum dilution of MIC inhibitor and to determine the minimum lethal concentration of MBC from 4 different dilutions. It was used on the culture medium of Molar Hinton Agar. The disc release method was then used to evaluate the amount of halo from the extract. The results showed that the gram-positive and gram-positive bacteria studied in this study were sensitive to fennel extract and propolis and the highest antibacterial effect was seen in dilution of 128 mg/ml, so that fennel extract had the highest antibacterial properties. Against the bacteria Escherichia coli (gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive), and propolis extract had the most lethal effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive).

Food security is one of the pillars of stability, survival and independence of the countries in the world and Sustainable production of agricultural products as the main human food in the world is considered as a strategic category in global programs of human food security. To achieve food security, the sustainable agricultural products and human food production is one of the most important goal,  has been considered in the agricultural sector in the world and in our country. Plant pollination is one of the most important factors of sustainable production in the agricultural sector. According to research, pollination is the agricultural input that has the greatest impact on increasing the yield of agricultural products worldwide.  More than a third of human food depends on honeybee pollination activity. In terms of biodiversity, according to estimates of biologists, more than 950,000 species of 1700,000 species of living organisms are insects. There are 150,000 species of hymenoptera in the world and 16,000 to 20,000 species belong to pollinating bees, which during the recent years have been significantly reduced,because of various reasons, such as reduced habitat of pollinating insects, air pollution, pesticides and chemical fertilizers, natural enemies of pollinating insects, climate change and global warming. Reducing pollinating insects will have irreversible effects on biodiversity and agricultural production in the world that's why it's so important. Various plans have been organized to prevent the decline of pollinating insects in the world. Iran has a high diversity and strong fauna of pollinating insects due to its sunshine and another ecological traits. On the other hand, the less impact of the main factors of reducing pollinators such as habitat reduction in Iran and the Middle East is also one of the advantages of our country.  Implementation of conservation agriculture principles, paying attention to the principles of protection of pollinating insects, including not using dangerous pesticides in agricultural lands, do not using illegal drugs in apiaries and prevent illegal imports and smuggling of queen and  destruction of the most valuable genetic resources of Iran, this capability can be used well.