فصلنامه روش شناسی علوم انسانی
پیاپی 107 (تابستان 1400)

Masson – Ourcel comparative method is based on context/reality. He considers philosophical thoughts as a reality and input which should be groomed, fertilized and evolved in a context to be paid attention. By this way, he highly emphasizes on the importance and role of context and a historic attitude toward thoughts. Being influenced by positivism, he insists on components such historiography, humanism and preventing the intervention of presumptions. According to him, human should be totally considered in comparative studies free from color, race and thinking types. Although one can challenge his comparative method in different perspectives such as the status of positivism opponents, in present paper, we only address opinions by toward meta-history and structuralists who have done their best to degrade western thinking duals like contxt/reality as well as Quentin Skinners’ opinions as a critic of Masson – Oursel’s comparative method.Masson – Ourcel comparative method is based on context/reality.

In this paper, an attempt has been made to develop a qualitative method of discourse analysis in a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) method by using the quantitative method of fuzzy c-means clustering. For this purpose, the institutional interactions of science and technology policy in Iran have been studied as a case study. Therefore, according to the "exploratory sequential mixed method", first using the fuzzy c-means clustering method and the questionnaire tool, the discourses of experts on the subject are identified and then using the Laclau and Mouffe discourse analysis method and interview tools to explain the nodal points, moments and articulations. Thus, "collaborative discourse" around the nodal point of "integrated policy making" and "independent discourse" around the nodal point of "government policy making" were identified. The most important result of this research is the development of discourse analysis method from qualitative paradigm to mixed paradigm and of course increasing the validity of research findings. In addition, this innovation is in line with the main stream in methodology and, due to the use of fuzzy logic, is very similar to the ambiguous and complex concepts of social sciences.

One of the most important techniques for legislation is to write general Sections in criminal law. The concept of general materials is that the provisions of these Sections have a general scope and can be extended to the general public; Because general Sections are the norm and they want to be applied to specific Sections. In the Iranian legal system, the Islamic Penal Code provides for the first time four types of general articles, indicating the attention of the Iranian legislature to the discussion of general articles. Philosophy and the necessity of predicting general articles in criminal law have strong foundations, which include the reflection of the general principles of criminal law, the community of commonalities, and the certainty of certain criteria and the guarantee of measured criminal policy. With a critical approach and a descriptive-analytical approach, this study looks at the writing of the book Generalities and General Sections of the four books of the Islamic Penal Code adopted in 2013 and examines and analyzes the inconsistencies with the basis and requirements of generalities and general materials and provides appropriate solutions. It deals with this.

The main concern of intercultural philosophy is communication or the realization of a common understanding between human beings. Then this question arises that by what way this communication should be realized. The technology of mass communication, migration and social and economic affiliations and extensive scientific communication have caused human beings today to have multiple nature instead of having a single and integrated identity. Humanities disciplines are therefore expected to adapt to intercultural definitions of human identity and human communication. In this regard, we explain the three methodological models of polylog, dialogue and analogous hermeneutics by referring to the first-hand works of Wimmer, Kimmerle and Adher Mall, respectively, which have been presented for the realization of intercultural humanities. All three models consider dialogue as a condition for full-fledged communication. Continuing with Wolfgang Welsch's transcultural idea, we address the barriers to an intercultural approach to full understanding. These patterns seem to complement each other in some way, and although they agree on the negation of cultural absolutism and exclusivism and its implications, they each look at the issue from a particular orientation.

The paradigm includes a set of values, beliefs and perceptions of reality with theories based on them, which uses a distinctive methodology to achieve research goals. The dominant paradigms in the humanities are Positivism, Interpretation, Criticism, Complexity and Postmodernism. This research seeks to understand the meta-theoretical and paradigmatic typology of economic schools by using the documentary and content analysis.The results show that Neoclassical is positivist. Austrian tendencies are in the region of complexity, but the use of hermeneutics puts New Austrians closer to the interpretive paradigm, while the older part tends to be a Positivism. The existence of variable structures in the Post-Keynesian and Evolutionary indicates the influence of the Complexity. OIE is dominated by the Criticism because of its emphasis on domination and dialectics.NIE uses the principles of Neoclassical and OIE as opposing currents. The elimination of this inconsistency has been due to the invention of Transaction Costs, which provides the basis for a paradigm shift from Positivism and Criticism to Complexity. The transaction cost is the unit of analysis and the connection of institutions to economic performance, the use of which will lead to objectivity and generalization.

Kant in Critique of Judgment, regards nature as the system of purposes, and contrary to the cause and effect system and the mechanistic approach that dominated his philosophy in the critique of pure reason, teleology and the teleological approach became the most important feature of Kant's third critique. Konigsberger's philosopher in the confrontation with nature, especially in organisms and animals and plants, finds that mechanistic approach could not be explained, so without denying the causality principle, he resorted to the principle of teleology in nature, attributing the former to the phenomenal world, and the second to the nominal world, because man is a citizen of both worlds.Natural purpose or organic beings are the most important beings that Kant explain with his teleological approach. They are their cause and their effect, and on the other hand produce their own kind, as well as their survival and growth done through themselves, that way, they absorb substances from the outside and give them their own face.In Kant's view, the ultimate purpose can only be human because he is capable to developing the purposes and by human will as the moral being that nature can be teleological, and determination the purpose by human will is culture or nurture, and thereby giving value to nature, otherwise nature and the creatures in it were in vain.