نشریه علوم ورزش
پیاپی 42 (تابستان 1400)

This study aimed to determine the relationship between leadership styles of general managers and club customer satisfaction in sport clubs. In addition, the next goal of the current study was to evaluate the predictability of general managers' leadership styles based on their personality attributes. The population of the study was 32 general managers of sports clubs in district one of Tehran city who were selected by simple random sampling. All the customers of these sports clubs, including the sample number to calculate the customer satisfaction score, were 10 people from each sport clubs, who commented on the management of that sports club. Customers were randomly selected on the day and time of their visit to the club. To collect data, three questionnaires were used, which were: The Clark Leadership Style Survey, The 60-item NEO Five-Factor Inventory, and a researcher-made sheet of satisfaction of sports club customers. Taken together, the results suggest that all types of leadership styles have a significant correlation with customer satisfaction. Furthermore, the personality attributes of general managers have been explained and predicted, which were 79% for authoritarian leadership style, 47% for democratic leadership style, and 77% for devoted leadership style. In short, sports club owners can be assisted to recognize the best leadership styles and consider the best style as important criteria for selecting club general managers. As a result, general managers will achieve one of their most important business goals, which is to satisfy club customers.

Obesity is associated with cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome and diabetes, and insulin resistance. Myonectin is a type of myokine that has a high rate of secretion in skeletal muscle and is inversely related to obesity. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise on myonectin levels and insulin resistance in obese and overweight women. In the present study, 21 overweight and obese women participated as subjects, who were divided into two groups of exercise and control. The exercise program was performed for 8 weeks, which included three sessions of aerobic exercise per week, each session lasting 30 minutes with an intensity of 50 to 70% of the maximum heart rate. The maximum heart rate in exercise was 50% in the first two weeks, 60% in the second two weeks, 65% in the third two weeks, and 70% in the last two weeks. Blood sampling was drawn 48 hours before the start and 48 hours after the last training session and serum levels of mayonectin, glucose, and insulin were measured. Analysis of covariance was applied to examine the differences between groups by using IMB SPSS v.21 software. Serum levels of myonectin increased in the exercise group compared to the control group, but this amount was not significant (P=0.08). Furthermore, the level of insulin resistance in the exercise group compared to the control group was significantly reduced (P=0.006). Based on the results, aerobic training led to an increase in serum levels of myonectin and a decrease in insulin resistance in the subjects of this study. It can be concluded that due to the role of mayonectin in increasing the absorption of fatty acids, aerobic exercise can play a significant role in reducing obesity-related diseases and metabolic syndrome, which according to the current results, this effect is relatively associated with the role of mayonectin.

By measuring brand valuation accurately, it can be considered as a desirable scale correctly for evaluating the long-term effects of marketing. The purpose of this descriptive study was to explain and prioritize the brand valuation indices of Iranian Futsal Super League clubs using choline components, which was done as a descriptive-correlational study. The population included 168 futsal players, 28 coaches, and 14 club general managers, who contributed in the 1996-95 year season. The sample size of the study was 172 according to the return of questionnaires. The Faraji Brand Valuation Questionnaire (2012) was used, which contained 35 questions consisting of 7 components of choline valuation based on Likert's five-choice spectrum. The participants, on the whole, demonstrated that there was a significant relationship between the seven components of the main research model, which included the stability component, profit trend component, support component, geographical expansion component, protection component, leadership component, and market component with brand valuation. Additionally, the results showed that the support component is the most effective parameter in the brand equity of Iranian futsal clubs. Consequently, it is suggested that futsal clubs take serious advice and consultation to attract sponsors and financial support other than the government and provide the necessary foundation to support sports clubs.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of 4 weeks of morning exercise and green tea consumption on obesity indices in obese men. In this study, 384 obese men participated as subjects, who were divided into 4 groups, which were divided into groups: exercise (n=96), green tea (n=96), green tea and exercise (n=96), and control group (n=96). The training protocol was was 3 sessions per week for 4 weeks, each session consisting of 10 min of warm-up, 30 min of rhythmic aerobic activity, and 10 min of cooling down. Also, green tea was ingested 3 servings daily in the amount of 3 g of dry tea in 200 ml of water by the subjects of the two groups of green tea consumption, and green tea and exercise. Dependent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and Bonferroni were used to analyze the data. The results showed that there was no significant difference between age, height, weight, and BMI of the 4 groups before the study (p>0.05). Additionally, in the two groups of exercise, and green tea and exercise, body weight and body composition decreased significantly compared to the control group (P≥0.05), which showed the greatest decrease in the group of consumption of green tea and exercise. It can be concluded that drinking green tea alone can not have a significant effect on improving obesity indicators. However, sports activity alone had this capability. Moreover, the greatest benefit will be observed once consuming green tea is accompanied by exercise.

Children with autism have difficulties such as impaired social interaction and communication skills, sensory processing, and impaired motor function and balance, which balance is one of the basic abilities of daily life. This study aimed to study the effect of whole-body vibration on static and dynamic balance in children with Asperger's autism. The population of this quasi-experimental study was 20 juniors aged 8 to 10 years with Asperger's autism in Rasht city, who were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. These children took part in the whole-body vibration training program 3 sessions per week for 6 months. There were two balance tests to investigate balance disorders of the subjects before and after the training program. The flamingo test was used to measure static balance, and likewise, the heel-toe walking test was used to measure dynamic balance. The results of the independent t-test showed that the experimental group had a significant increase in static and dynamic balance compared to the control group (p<0.05). Intragroup changes showed that there was a significant difference between static and dynamic balances in the pre-test and posttest of the experimental group (p <0.05), but no significant difference was observed in the control group (p> 0.05). In conclusion, whole-body vibration training seems to affect static and dynamic balances, and children with autism can use this technique to improve their balance beneficially.

The purpose of this study was to design a structural equation model for causal relationship of strategic alliance, human resource flexibility, and sources of organizational conflict with competitive advantages in the industry of sports production. The method of this study was descriptive causal, which was conducted by survey method. Participants in this study included 306 owners, managers, marketing managers, and sales managers of sports production units in Tehran city. For data collection, four questionnaires were used to get the specific data which were the Strategic Alliance (r=0.88), Competitive Advantage (r=0.88), Organizational Conflict Resources (r=0.89), and Human Resource Flexibility (r=0.86). After confirming the validity and reliability of the questionnaires, these questionnaires were distributed among the participants. In addition, structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. The results showed that strategic alliance significantly has a direct effect on the two components of human resource flexibility (0.27) and sources of organizational conflict (0.34). Moreover, organizational conflict resources significantly have a negative effect on human resource flexibility (-0.47). Furthermore, human resource flexibility has the greatest impact on competitive advantage (0.62). This coefficient is the sum of the indirect effects of strategic alliance and sources of organizational conflict, as well as the direct effect of human resource flexibility on competitive advantage. The following conclusion can be drawn from the present study that the management of the different companies of sports production enters the trade unions with full confidence, to take into account the issues within the organization, such as cost-effectiveness and time, which create a competitive advantage. Consequently, they can turn a competitive advantage from an impermanence competitive advantage to sustainable competitive advantage.

 Currently, there is a recent issue that has arisen among the Iranian athletes is the perspective of the superiority of foreign goods in Iran. This study aimed to qualitatively analyze the tendency of athletes to purchase Iranian sporting goods. In this study, which was a qualitative study, the data was obtained by relying on grounded theory and based on qualitative in-depth interviews with athletes of Ardabil province. The population included all the elite athletes of the province, who were selected by purposeful sampling and snowball method, and 22 athletes were recruited as the statistical sample. The data were analyzed in three coding levels of open, axial, and selective. In the analysis of five concepts of causal conditions (five categories), intervening conditions (five categories), contextual conditions (five categories), strategies (six categories), and consequences (three categories), the Strauss and Corbin coding framework (2014) was used. In general, the results in the form of a qualitative model showed that according to the causal conditions and the requirement to encourage athletes to purchase Iranian sporting goods, as well as considering the intervening conditions and the context of the study, these beliefs can be developed via some strategies such as combating the smuggling of sporting goods or improving the quality of domestically produced sporting goods. Overall, this study supports the idea that by increasing sports production in Iran, it is possible to boost the trade-in sporting goods, and by neutralizing economic sanctions and creating national solidarity, this trade can be supported to see a tendency in athletes under the title: Preferring to purchase domestic sporting goods, instead of foreign ones.

Movement patterns disorders can lead to injury, although can result from athletes'' injuries and the absence of proper rehabilitation. Studies on risk factors are necessary to prevent sports injuries. The present study aimed to predict predisposed athletes according to injury history and functional movement screen test (FMS). Twenty-seven professional female athletes (15 handball and 12 futsal athletes aged 20.67±4.35 and 21/58±3/05 years old respectively) participated in this cross-sectional study. At first, the consent form and personal information were completed by the subjects, and their injury history was recorded according to the standard injury history form, and then they participated in the FMS test. Subsequently, athletes'' injuries were recorded during training and competition for a period of 6 months. Data were analyzed by Kappa, t-test, Fisher exact test, and Regression logistic with SPSS and alpha level set at α=0.05. The results of the study showed that the history of injury can significantly predict FMS test scores (P

The purpose of this study was to predict the readiness for organizational change of physical education staff in subordinate departments of the Education and Training Office of Tehran via psychological capital. The population was included of 200 staff in the Education and Training Office of Tehran, of which 187 people were recruited by simple random sampling using the Krejcie-Morgan table. Readiness for Organizational Change for Halt et al. (2007) and Luttanz Psychological Capital (2007) Questionnaires were used for collecting data. The internal consistency of the questionnaires was obtained by Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.82 and 0.86, respectively. The research data were analyzed by using IBM SPSS v.22 software and the Regression analysis approach. The results showed that all components of psychological capital, including self-efficacy, hope, optimism, and resilience, predicted readiness for organizational change. Hence, in preparing for organizational change, the resilience component has effectively the most role, but in contrast, the optimism component has the least role. The current data highlight the importance of managers who are interested in the organizational advancement of their work through the readiness of employees for organizational change should pay attention to increasing the spirit of resilience, self-efficacy, hope, and optimism of the staff.

The purpose of this study was to develop a conceptual framework for the growth of the economy of Persian Gulf Pro League clubs. This study was of a qualitative type and applied purpose. The population included two sections: managers, football club experts, university lecturers, as well as scientific, documentary, and library resources. A sufficient number of statistical samples were purposefully sampled and consulted based on theoretical saturation (17 people and 46 documents). Conceptual coding and conceptual framing methods were used to analyze the findings. Research tools included a systematic library study and a semi-structured exploratory interview. The validity of the instrument was evaluated using descriptive qualitative methods. The presented analytical framework includes 16 general perspectives, which are: approaches to the development of national championship sports, social capital and club brand, club structure and ownership, club rules and system, transfer market, competitive conditions of leagues, strategic management of the club , Stakeholder Management, Marketing System, Financial Management System, Club Sports Performance, Talent Management System, Club Financing, Club Structural and System Improvement, Club Performance Improvement, and Sustainable Club Economic Development. The economic development of the Persian Gulf Pro League clubs have been established through the revision and reform of the executive policies of the championship events, particularly the rules of the club management system, transfer market, league competition structure, along with the implementation of strategic management system, talent management subsystems, stakeholder management, marketing management, financial management and executive management of the club will be improved. Then, this trend of change causes an improvement in the commercial and social proficiencies of the sports club, which, along with increasing the financial resources and the effectiveness of the club's financial management, has stabilized the club's economic situation in different conditions.

Sports areas as one of the most important urban public use affect the environment around which social, economic and traffic environmental impacts can be named as the most important. The purpose of this study was to determine the economic, social, traffic, and environmental impacts of the Karaj Enghelag Sports Complex on the surrounding urban environment. The research method was a descriptive - survey and the statistical population consisted of 253 residents around the Sports Complex. The instruments used in this study included the Environmental and Traffic Impact Questionnaire of Sultan Hosseini et al. (2014). This questionnaire has 14 questions and 2 components of the environmental impacts of sports areas and the traffic impacts of sports areas. Sultan-Hosseini et al. (2013) questionnaire is also used in the field of socio-economic impacts. This questionnaire has 16 questions and 2 components of economic and social impacts of sports facilities. The validity of the questionnaire is a content type and its reliability is calculated by Cronbach's alpha of 81%. A one-sample T-test were used to analyze the data from the questionnaires. The multidisciplinary Decision-Making Method is used to rank the effects of the evaluated components. This study has identified that social impacts significantly had the greatest effects on the urban environment of Karaj city (p<0.001). Moreover, the next two ranks are traffic effects and environmental effects, but there was no influence of the economic effects on the urban environment around the sports complex (p=0.11).

The purpose of this study was to design a training strategy map of Iranian football coaches with BSC and ISM approaches. The research method is descriptive and is fundamentally applicable. Data were collected by field and mixed methods of quantitative and qualitative. The population of the study included the officials and experts of the training departments of the Football Federation and its subordinate departments in the provinces and sports experts, equal to 55 individuals and in the quality section, 12 staff. Due to the limited number of members, the statistical sample was equal to its population. According to the data and opinions of experts in the meeting of the Strategic Council of the Football Federation Training Department, 12 strategic goals were determined, and then BSC and Structural Self-Interaction Scale questionnaires were used. BSC method was used for strategic map design and ISM and MICMAC analysis were used to structure goals. The findings showed how the goals were linked at five levels and four perspectives of growth and learning, internal processes, productivity, and professionalization. The findings also indicated that the goals of development and empowerment of coaching instructors, targeted development of congresses and training courses, and increased research and development at the underlying level of the interpretive structural model were in the perspective of growth and learning. Therefore, the authorities of the football federation system should prioritize the streamlining and realization of the goals of the model rule. It can be acknowledged that this plan will facilitate the implementation of goals to achieve the development of the country’s football coaching career.

Achieving strategic human resource management is necessary to respond effectively to environmental changes and gain a competitive advantage in physical education faculties. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of strategic human resource management on organizational performance and agility with the mediating role of intellectual capital in the staff of Physical Education faculties in Tehran city. This research purpose was practical and a survey research method by structural equating has been used. The population of the study includes 344 male and female staff of physical education faculties, which sample size was estimated by stratified sampling method and using proportional allocation according to Cochran's formula. For data collection, four standard questionnaires of strategic human resource management (2006), Bontis (1996) intellectual capital questionnaire, Sharifi and Zhang (2001) organizational agility questionnaire, and Yang (2004) organizational performance questionnaire were used. Research data were analyzed by using IBM SPSS statistical v.21 software. In the staff of physical education faculties in Tehran city, the four variables of strategic human resource management, intellectual capital, organizational performance, and organizational agility possess worthwhile situations. Furthermore, strategic human resource management significantly impacts organizational performance, intellectual capital, and organizational agility. In addition, intellectual capital significantly affects organizational performance, organizational agility, and also, organizational agility has a significant effect on organizational performance.