Journal of Education and Health Promotion
Volume:11 Issue: 7, Aug 2021

Various kinds of stressors and psychological problems have been reported in the adolescent student population. This study assessed and compared depression, anxiety, and various coping styles among high school students attending coaching classes for medical entrance examination (MEE) and those not.

Systemic random sampling technique was used to recruit 400 high school students with equal number of those attending (Group 1) and those not attending any coaching class for MEE (Group 2). They underwent screening for depression and anxiety through Patient Health Questionnaire‑9 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7‑item. Coping styles were assessed through brief COPE inventory. Screening positive subjects were assessed in detail by a psychiatrist using ICD‑10 (International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision), Diagnostic Criteria for Research (DCR). The severity of depression and anxiety was measured through HAM‑D and HAM‑A, respectively.

Depression and anxiety were reported by higher proportion of Group 1 (36%) than Group 2 (22%), χ2 (1) = 9.52; P = 0.002. In both the groups, depressive disorder was the most common, followed by generalised anxiety–disorder and mixed anxiety–depression. The severity of depression (HAM‑D score) and anxiety (HAM‑A Score) was significantly more Group 1. “Active coping” (χ2 = 4.79 P = 0.02) and “Humor” (χ2 = 30.90, P ≤ 0.01) were more commonly used by healthy students, while “Religious coping” (χ2 = 37.92 P ≤ 0.01) were the most common among those diagnosed with depression/anxiety disorder.

Higher prevalence of the psychological problems in adolescent school students preparing for MEE highlights the importance of aptitude assessment, career counseling, and school mental health program before their exposure to the competitive academic atmosphere.

Ethic education as a part of medical school curriculum is one which requires constant re‑evaluation and re‑emphasis. The medical regulatory body of India has, in recent times, introduced a revised module of the same, which is implemented across the country in all medical schools. Medical students’ perception of ethics education is an important variable which will influence the validity of this module. This study attempts to evaluate the same.

A peer‑validated questionnaire was distributed to 150 undergraduate and postgraduate medical students (response rate: 74.4%) with the aim to evaluate their attitude toward knowledge of ethics, and their perceptions of contents and methods of learning ethics.

A significant number of students recognize the importance of medical ethics knowledge and its positive impact on their career (P < 0.05). They accept material taught as per planned curriculum as a source of learning and favor interactive methods of teaching (P < 0.05). Research projects and didactic lectures were rejected as learning methods (P < 0.05).

“Deliberate teaching” has been accepted as a source of learning ethics by all students, though undergraduate students also favored learning about ethics “during practice.” Perceptions have been identified that need to be addressed. The study reveals a need to further explore the purpose and contribution of role models in this context and to identify ways of strengthening their related perceptions by students.

Given coronavirus disease (COVID‑19’s) unknown nature, diagnosis, and treatment is very complex up to the present time. Thus, it is essential to have a framework for an early prediction of the disease. In this regard, machines learning (ML) could be crucial to extract concealed patterns from mining of huge raw datasets then it establishes high‑quality predictive models. At this juncture, we aimed to apply different ML techniques to develop clinical predictive models and select the best performance of them.

The dataset of Ayatollah Talleghani hospital, COVID‑19 focal center affiliated to Abadan University of Medical Sciences have been taken into consideration. The dataset used in this study consists of 501 case records with two classes (COVID‑19 and non COVID‑19) and 32 columns for the diagnostic features. ML algorithms such as Naïve Bayesian, Bayesian Net, random forest (RF), multilayer perceptron, K‑star, C4.5, and support vector machine were developed. Then, the recital of selected ML models was assessed by the comparison of some performance indices such as accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, F‑score, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC).

The experimental results indicate that RF algorithm with the accuracy of 92.42%, specificity of 75.70%, precision of 92.30%, sensitivity of 92.40%, F‑measure of 92.00%, and ROC of 97.15% has the best capability for COVID‑19 diagnosis and screening.

The empirical results reveal that RF model yielded higher performance as compared to other six classification models. It is promising to the implementation of RF model in the health‑care settings to increase the accuracy and speed of disease diagnosis for primary prevention, screening, surveillance, and early treatment.

Social resources help to adapt to stress and might positively affect the well‑being of individuals with severe conditions like human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). The present study investigates the effect of social support, social capital, and coping in a positive state of mind of Iranian older people with HIV/AIDS.

This cross‑sectional study was conducted on 160 older people with HIV referred to AIDS clinics in Tehran in 2019. Samples were randomly selected from patients aged 50 years and older. Data were collected using a questionnaire, a positive state of mind, social capital, coping, social support, and a checklist of demographical variables. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 21.

A significant positive correlation was found between social support, social capital, coping, education, and a positive state of mind. A significant negative correlation was also found between age, several chronic diseases of the patient, and a positive state of mind. The linear regression results showed that social support, social capital, coping, and education improved the positive state of mind.

Based on our findings, we believe that social and psychological interventions effectively enhance patients’ positive state of mind with HIV and ultimately, improve their quality of life.

Clinical training during internship is an important part of medical education. The maternity ward is a clinical environment in which medical students pass their obstetrics and gynecology internship to obtain competencies in this field. The present study was conducted to explain medical interns’ manner of learning in the maternity ward.

The present study was conducted using a qualitative approach with the inductive content analysis method. This study observed the maternity wards of teaching hospitals affiliated to medical sciences universities of Isfahan and Shahrekord. Data were collected through observation and semi‑structured individual interviews.

Two main categories and seven subcategories emerged from the analysis of the data. Inadequate participation in learning opportunities included the following three subcategories: the incongruousness of the learning opportunities with the educational goals, inadequate readiness for participation in learning opportunities, and the overlap between learning opportunities and diminished autonomous practice. Inadequate formal and structured education included the following four subcategories: inadequate learning support and direction, subordinate roles and aimless presence, the pale educational role played by the attendants and senior residents, and learning through the support of midwifery educators.

Participation in and access to learning opportunities in the maternity ward are very difficult for interns. Interns, therefore, need to attend the maternity ward by a structured program and in the company of training supervisors or competent educators to obtain the required competencies in pregnancy and childbirth.

COVID-19 was declared as pandemic by the WHO in March 2020. Social distancing and hand hygiene is advised during the pandemic to contain the spread of the virus. Rapid sharing of scientific information in an extraordinary way is the characteristic of the COVID-19 pandemic. There may be gap between information provided and received. Perception and practices in the community regarding handling materials need to be pointed out. the aim of this study was to assess the perception about myths and facts and change in the practices before and during the COVID-19 pandemic among the faculties.

A cross-sectional survey was conducted during May–June 2020 among the faculties of Science and Technology. By multistage sampling technique, five districts from Maharashtra state and then one institution from each district was selected. A questionnaire was shared by Internet to institutional faculties. Descriptive and inferential statistics (Chi-square test) is applied.

Out of 276 faculties, 248 had responded. Most of the faculties were aware about basic preventive measures for COVID-19 infection. However, 25% of the faculties were unaware about the safe physical distance. Eating garlic and pepper protect against COVID-19 as per 63 (25.3%) and 59 (23.9%) faculties, respectively, was effective, whereas 56.8% of participants did not believe so. 93 (37.5%) respondents believed that respiratory function ultimately indicates the presence or absence of disease. About 95% of participants adopted new hygienic practices during the pandemic (P < 0.0001).

COVID-19 can spread rapidly if the basic preventive measures are ignored by the small proportion of unaware people Hence, awareness needs to be improved. People have adapted to new hygienic practices for handling the material during the pandemic.

Ethical attitude of paramedic personnel is one of the most important factors in their effective and useful performance. Therefore, according to the importance of this issue and immense effect of religious culture on the formation of ethics, this study aimed to effect bio‑ethical principles teaching on moral attitude of paramedic emergency personnel in Iran.

The present study was an experimental study carried out in 2020 on 60 of paramedic emergency personnel. Samples were available, randomly selected and assigned to two groups of control and intervention. The intervention was performed for a 2‑h workshop of bioethical principles in 4 day based on Quran verses. Moral attitude of both groups was studied before and after each intervention. Data were analyzed using Kolmogorov–Simonov, Chi‑square, t‑test, one‑way, and paired t‑test with SPSS version 16 (P ≤ 0/05).

Ethical attitude means for both groups of control and intervention demonstrated that ethical attitude has meaningfully increased after the workshop. Demographic variables such as age, gender, and work experience of participants in workshops were not different between these two groups (P < 0/05). The study of these two groups showed that there is no relationship among work experience, gender, marital status, age, and ethical attitude.

Prehospital emergency is quite different from the other occupations in health‑care system and the ethical issues of this field are more important. Therefore, teaching in workplace and through ethical principles based on religious teachings will have a profound effect on improving biological ethics of paramedic prehospital staffs

Unwanted sound is recognized as the most extensive source of contaminant in the workplace. Exposure to intense, continuous, and higher than 85 dB level noise can lead to noise‑induced hearing loss.The aim of the present study was to determine the level of noise exposure and its impact on hearing health among auto body workers.

This descriptive‑analytic study was conducted in 2020 to investigate the hearing health status of workers in auto body workshops. Sixty‑one participants were randomly selected for audiometric testing. The equivalent sound level (Leq) of the workers was measured using a Casella CEL‑320 noise dosimeter. Audiometric testing was performed using an AC40 audiometer. The mean hearing threshold levels (HTLs) of both ears were calculated for different frequencies. The results obtained were analyzed using SPSS v21.0 at a significance level of 95%.

The participants had an average age of 35.5 ± 11.8 years and an average work experience of 16.5 ± 9.8 years. The mean Leq was 92.3 ± 4.7 dB. The mean HTLs for the right ear and left ear were 20, 15, 17.6, 19.2 dB, respectively with the right ear suffering more loss. A significant relationship was found between hearing loss in both ears (P < 0.001). The highest prevalence of hearing loss in both ears was observed at a frequency of 4 kHz. About 73.8% of the subjects had a normal HTL, 23.3% had mild hearing loss, and 3.3% had severe hearing loss. With increasing work experience, HTLs also increased significantly, particularly at 2–8 kHz.

Chronic exposure to noise pollution threatens hearing health. Therefore, it is necessary to raise the level of awareness among workers in order to enable better hearing health protection and also to promote the use of hearing protection devices.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) pandemic has prompted the further virtualization of medical education. The satisfaction level of specific users such as cardiology residents with virtual education can augment its quality; hence, the significance of a valid and reliable questionnaire to obtain feedback is needed. This study aimed to design and measure validity and reliability of a satisfaction questionnaire for virtual education of cardiology residents during COVID‑19 pandemic.

In this cross‑sectional study, a self‑administered questionnaire was developed by the faculty members of Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center. Reliability was tested utilizing Cronbach’s alpha and intercorrelation which was tested using Pearson’s correlation coefficient test (ICC). Factor analysis was done by the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin measure of sampling adequacy and Bartlett’s sphericity test. The statistical analyses were performed with the SPSS software version 22.

The face validity index was determined via an assessment of the relevance, clarity, and simplicity of each item, and values >0.79 were accepted. The total Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was calculated 0.93. Concerning test–retest reliability, the correlation between two rounds of evaluation was >80 (P > 0.001) and ICC was 0.99 (P = 0.001). The content validity evaluation yielded an index of 0.95 and a ratio of 0.91. The principal component factor analysis, conducted to investigate construct validity, generated four domains.

The study results confirmed the validity and reliability of the designed questionnaire to evaluate the level of satisfaction of cardiology residents with virtual learning in COVID‑19 pandem

Postgraduate medical curriculum is usually devoted to developing competencies in the specialty concerned, patient care, and submitting dissertations. The need to impart teaching skills during postgraduation has gone unnoticed, hence Ramachandra Annual Postgraduate Teaching Skills (RAPTS), a teaching skills workshop, was conceptualized and implemented as postgraduate students serve as tutors/residents in the department to teach undergraduate medical students. This study is aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the teaching skills workshop for postgraduates.

One hundred and seventy‑eight postgraduate students of pre‑ and paraclinical department underwent the training in medical education principles and participated in the feedback. RAPTS Workshop was implemented as per the six‑step approach. The learning was evaluated through a pre‑ and posttest scores. Student feedback was also obtained on the process overall objectives and contents of the workshop. Force‑field analysis was performed.

There was a significant learning by the postgraduates on various medical education principles as evidenced by significant improvement in the posttest scores (P < 0.05). Feedback regarding the general aspects of the workshop showed that 92% of the participants felt that the contents of the workshop suited their learning. Eighty‑four percent of the participants opined that the presentations of the sessions were good and 91% felt that time management was good. Force‑field analysis indicated that the factors favoring teaching skills workshop were higher.

This study has highlighted the importance of including teaching methodology training in the postgraduate curriculum that helps in grooming the future teachers in the right direction, in the right time. Competencies related to teaching skills based on medical education principles can be included in the postgraduate curriculum.

Administrative staff may be exposed to a great deal of the mental workload (MWL) due to the long working hours and the responsibility of responding to large numbers of clients. Occupational burnout (OB) is one of the issues that can be affected by MWL. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between mental MWL and OB, as well as the internal interactions between OB dimensions.

This cross‑sectional and descriptive (correlation) study was conducted among faculty members and administrative staff of public health school of Yazd province. Samples were collected through the simple random sampling. NASA task load index and Maslach questionnaire were used for the assessment of MWL and OB, respectively. Frequency and percentage were used for the descriptive analysis. Spearman, Mann–Whitney U, and Kruskal–Wallis H tests were used for inferential statistics.

Ultimately, 29 individuals from faculty members and 82 individuals from administrative staff participated in this study. Most of the participants (73.9%) had experienced many MWL instances in performing their jobs duties. No significant relationship between MWL with OB and MWL with any of the demographic characteristics was found, as well (P > 0.05). In case of OB, a significant relationship was discovered between depersonalization with gender and personal accomplishment with work section (P < 0.05).

MWL cannot be considered as a contributing factor of OB of the administrative staff because no significant relationship has been noted between them. Reducing working hours, selection of suitable staff, and allowing a few minutes to rest on a daily basis represent the suggested solutions for reducing the MWL of staff.

Sexual dysfunction in women is a common disorder. Yet, there is no consensus on its treatment. Few studies have shown that Vitex agnus‑castus improves sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women; the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of V. agnus‑castus on the female sexual function in the reproductive age.

This was a double‑blinded randomized control clinical trial on the women of reproductive age referred to the gynecology clinic of Al‑Zahra Medical Center in Rasht, Iran, from February 2018 to December 2019. The intervention group received Agnugol tablet containing 3.2–4.8 mg dried extract V. agnus‑castus (51 participants) and the control group received a placebo tablet (51 participants). All participants received one tablet daily for 16 weeks. The participants were asked to complete the Female Sexual Function Index questionnaire at the beginning of the study and after 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks. Data were analyzed in SPSS statistics (version 21) using Chi‑square test, t‑test, Mann–Whitney U‑test, analysis of variance, and mixed model to examine the differences between the groups.

The results showed that the difference between the two groups was not significant in each domain, but there was a significant difference in the overall sexual function mean score so that the intervention group had a higher score than the placebo group after 16 weeks (P < 0.05).

In the present study, it was observed that the consumption of V. agnus‑castus during 16 weeks was more effective than the placebo in improving sexual dysfunction. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to be able to decide on the prescription of this drug in the clinics.

The mental health of the mothers of the children with cancer is strongly influenced by the child’s illness and treatment process. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a self‑help educational program with peer group on anxiety of the mothers of the children with cancer.

This clinical trial study was conducted on 44 mothers of the children with cancer in an educational Hospital of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Convenience sampling method was performed on the eligible mothers, and using random allocation, they were divided into two groups of the intervention (n = 22) and the control (n = 22). Both groups completed the Hamilton Anxiety Questionnaire before and after the intervention. The intervention of the study was a self‑help educational program with peer group that was performed in collaboration with the mothers of the children with cancer, a psychiatrist, and cancer nurses in the hospital within 3 months.

The results showed that 55% of the mothers of the intervention group had severe and very severe anxiety before the intervention, but the intensity of their anxiety was reported to be moderate after the intervention. The analysis of covariance with adjusted anxiety score in the two groups showed that the mean score of anxiety in the intervention group decreased from 22.3 to 12.3 after the intervention, showing a significant difference (P < 0.05).

The program, designed to support the mothers and guide the specialists and psychiatrists to counsel the mothers, can enhance their self‑help and reduce their anxiety level.

The academic environment is a challenge for dental students due to the multiple sources of stress they face. For this reason, the present study analyzes the psychometric properties of the Dental Environment Stress (DES) questionnaire. The secondary objective was to identify the specific sources of stress perceived by dental students related to gender and years of study.

A cross‑sectional study was conducted among dental students (n = 340; Mage = 22.45) from the Romanian University of Medicine and Pharmacy in October– December 2019. The factorial structure of the questionnaire was performed by means of the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and the multi group‑CFA. The convergent and divergent validities were measured by associating DES with scales that measure depression, anxiety, and tension/stress (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale‑21‑R), perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale‑14), and life satisfaction (Satisfaction with Life Scale).

New measure obtained supported a five‑factor and thirty‑item structure, which is gender invariant. All the factors within DES have a significant positive correlation with depression, anxiety, tension/stress, and perceived stress and a negative correlation with life satisfaction. The Cronbach’s α coefficients are acceptable (range: 0.67–0.89). The female students perceive aspects related to performance, the relations with the faculty, clinical responsibilities, and personal life to be more stressful than males. Senior students perceive more stressed aspects related to personal life, while freshmen have higher scores on stress associated with clinical responsibilities.

The present results show that DES has psychometric properties which are adequate for the assessment of dental stress in the case of Romanian students; nevertheless, it is necessary to extend the use of DES to students attending other universities and to dental practitioners.

There is growing acknowledgment that medical education can be a stressful experience for students and may have a devastating effect on their psychological well‑being. The present article, therefore, aimed at investigating students’ academic resilience as a mediating variable in self‑efficacy‑test anxiety relation.

In this cross‑sectional correlational study, a convenience sample of 243 medical students was selected and participated, three prevalidated questionnaires were applied, that is, general self‑efficacy questionnaire, academic resilience questionnaire, and test anxiety questionnaire. To analyze the data, Pearson’s correlation coefficient as well as structural equation modeling (SEM) were used.

According to Pearson’s coefficients, self‑efficacy was found to be positively correlated with academic resilience (r = 0.437, P ≤ 0.01) and negatively with test anxiety (r = −0.475, P ≤ 0.01). SEM results also indicated that self‑efficacy positively impacts on academic resilience (β = 0.43, P < 0.001) and negatively on test anxiety (β = −0.37, P < 0.001). In addition, results demonstrated the mediating role of academic resilience in self‑efficacy‑test anxiety relationship (β = −0.108, P < 0.001).

This study showed that academic resilience could play a mediating role in students’ self‑efficacy‑test anxiety relationship.

An interprofessional community‑based education provides proper situations that learners can be prepared to play their professional responsibilities and team duties in the community. This study aims to assess the effect of interprofessional community‑based education on attitudes and performances of learners toward interprofessional collaboration and their readiness for interprofessional learning.

The study is a quasi‑experimental design. The learners in six different disciplines, including medicine, pharmacy, nursing, midwifery, public health, and nutrition (n=122) at Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences were participated in the present study. in the present study, interprofessional education intervention was conducted in two steps. First, the interprofessional learning situation brought learners the familiarity with the concepts of interprofessional collaboration, teamwork, and educational medical content, such as backache, fatty liver, diabetes, and HIV. Second, learners from different disciplines participated in interprofessional teams in community settings. These learners taught people about health‑related topics, such as backache, fatty liver, and HIV. Participants filled out the questionnaires before and after interventions. Data were analyzed by Student’s t‑test and one‑way ANOVA in SPSS 16.0 software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

The present results showed that the scores of learners in readiness for interprofessional learning 3.82 (0.35) versus 4.60 (0.29) (P = 0.001) (P = 0.0001), attitudes to interprofessional teamwork 3.83 (0.40) versus 4.18 (0.30) (P = 0.0001) (P = 0.0001), interprofessional collaboration 7.46 (0.70) versus 8.35 (0.43) (P = 0.001) improved significantly before and after the educational interventions.

The present results showed that interprofessional community‑based education has improved the readiness of the learners for interprofessional learning. Besides, attitude toward teamwork and interprofessional collaboration performance have also been improved from participants’ viewpoints.

The role of citizens’ participation in the process of social, economic, and cultural development is necessary. Institutionalizing this role is inevitable to identify priorities and also planning, implementing, and evaluating health services. This study aimed to identify challenges ahead of volunteers’ participation toward primary health‑care (PHC) system and providing managerial solutions.

The study employed a qualitative research design. The data were collected via semi‑structured interviews with key experts in the Ministry of Health, university education and health promotion officials, education experts, health center staff, and health volunteers. Then, a focused group discussion method was employed to provide solutions. The participants were selected via the purposive sampling method. The qualitative data were analyzed using a thematic analysis method.

The analyzed data were categorized into 6 main themes and 24 subthemes. The most important challenges were categorized into six temporal, management, education, quality of services, motivation, and infrastructural themes. Allocating special funds for the health volunteer program, paying attention to the problems of the health workers, providing motivational programs, holding regular retraining courses and providing educational software for health volunteers, holding regular training courses for health trainers and volunteers, and supporting the health volunteer program are among the solutions.

The present study showed that the health volunteer program in the PHC system faces several challenges, most of which are organizational and managerial ones. Therefore, a multifaceted approach should be used to improve the participation of health volunteers. In addition to motivational factors, factors such as allocating proper resources, empowering trainers, and mobilizing the community should be also considered. It seems that interaction among health system, people, and health volunteers should be improved.

Nowadays, providing access to the required information by clinical informationist (CI) is vital for clinical teams to make the best decision. This study was carried out to identifying how CIs should participate in grand round (GR).

The current study is an action research study. It was conducted in the GR sessions of the Gastroenterology department of Al‑Zahra Hospital affiliated with Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2017. Participants included attending physicians, fellowship students of the Gastroenterology departments, a CI, and two supervising medical librarians. Data were collected through observation and discussion. Qualitative content analysis and concept mapping were used for data analysis.

The findings indicated that existing problems were related to the CI, medical team, and infrastructural ones. The participation of the CI in medical team was arranged based on the following steps: planning, action, evaluation, and suggestions. It started from an initial diagnosis of patients and ended in GR meetings. During evaluation step, suggestions were made to remove the existing problems and in the fifth step, results were summarized and a framework for the participation of the CI in GR sessions was suggested.

Medical team members were satisfied with the participation of the CI, but it is necessary to remove the existing structural and personal barriers (related to the CI and medical team members), in order to improve the efficiency of this participation.

Social media platforms such as Facebook, WhatsApp, and Instagram etc., are becoming very popular now not only for youth but for all walks of life. People are more often seen in busy in tweeting, chatting, or putting selfies. No one actually knows the mental state of a person in the online platform. In this article, we will be focusing on how social media is affecting issues such as road accident, murder, and suicide. The research is done by three parts.

Google Form analysis, machine learning used for prediction, and by sentimental analysis of what people think in twitter. All the datasets are based in India. From these datasets, the different machine learning algorithm is used to do the analysis. The project strives to bring the real‑world solution in the matter of advancement.

The static data analysis and dynamic data analysis shows the various sentimental analysis and predictions and the technique to predict different mental states. Thus we get clearly about the current world is getting into social issues. This research findings helps to bring social awareness among the current generation by understanding the sensitivity of the youths.

Thus through this paper we get known clearly how the current world is getting into social issues like victim of murders or road accidents or committing suicide. The paper clearly helps us to understand the sensitivity of the youths. Therefore brings a social awareness among the current generation.

COVID-19 lockdown has mandated the medical colleges to start academics using electronic mode. Synchronous e-learning was started by our institute to replicate traditional classes in line with the routine academic schedule. the objective of this study attempted to assess the e-learning readiness of the students of our institute.

A cross-sectional descriptive study was planned using the model proposed by Oketch et al. with local modifications. The questionnaire was designed in Google Forms and mailed to respond using Likert scale. The nonparametric data collected from the total 84 respondents were analyzed for validity and reliability of the questionnaire, mean values to know the readiness (mean = 3.4), and one‑step multiple regression to know the predictors.

The mean eLR (e‑learning readiness) as evaluated from attitudinal readiness (MeanAR = 3.6), culture readiness (MeanCR = 2.3), material and technological readiness (MeanMTR = 3.7), and mental health readiness (MeanMHR = 2.4) is 3.03 (60.6% with n = 84). Multiple regression analysis revealed that all the variables except MHR can significantly predict e‑learning readiness linearly (P < 0.05).

The institute is ready for e‑learning in terms of AR and MTR (mean values >3.4). CR and MHR still need a lot of improvisation to make it acceptable for e‑learning. The model could explain 54.9% readiness level with CR as the most important predictor. More than 73% (n = 84) of the respondents have acknowledged the present form of online classes to be the best available option in COVID-19 lockdown and most of them are adapted to e-classes in the institute.

In several countries such as Iran, the use of complementary and alternative medical products like herbal medicine is growing. There is, however, a lack of research on the prospects of herbal medicine patrons regarding facilitators and herbal medicine use barriers. The aim of this study was to explain the facilitators and the barriers of herbal medicine use in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients.

Qualitative one‑to‑one in‑depth interviews were conducted with patients with T2DM from the Yazd Diabetes Research Center, using a semi‑structured guide. For the recruitment of T2DM participants who used herbal medicine beside conventional medicine, purposeful sampling was used. Analysis of the data was carried out using the steps proposed by Graneheim and Landman strategies.

Sixteen patients were interviewed. There were 2 subjects (facilitators and barriers herbal medicine use), 8 categories, and 89 initial codes. The facilitators included individual preferences, preparation skills, and family support and the factors obstructing the use of herbal medicine included insufficient skills about preparing, lack of easy access to consumption, insufficient of efficacy of herbal medicine, and negative properties of herbal medicine and taking time in preparing herbal medicine.

Although some people use herbal medicine, the interest in use of herbal medicine is limited because of inadequate awareness of the impact and usage them. Therefore, the use of effective strategy in the integration of herbal remedies with conventional medicine can promote well‑being of patients.

nongovernmental organizations (NGOs( are the hidden system of promoting public health and the symbol and mediator of people’s participation. The aim of the present research was to assess the status and recognize the performance of various NGOs in providing health‑oriented services as opportunities in promoting community health.

The present study was a descriptive–analytical (cross‑sectional) study, which was conducted on the position and function of all NGOs in Kerman from February 2014 to the end of January 2015. A researcher‑made checklist was used to collect the data, which was designed based on the statutes of NGOs. The information was collected from a total of 150 NGOs. To analyze the data, in addition to descriptive statistical tests (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation), other tests were also used (Chi‑square test and Fisher’s exact test). Moreover, all data analysis was done using SPSS (ver. 16).

There was a significant relationship between the levels of prevention and field of activity and the objectives and methods of implementation of these objectives (P < 0.001). There was a significant relationship between health prevention levels in the target community of the NGO and initial assets (P = 0.02), licensing organization (P < 0.001), management type in terms of the board of trustees or membership availability (P < 0.001), relevance of members’ major with organizational goals (P = 0.02), and activeness or inactiveness of the organization (P = 0.007).

The results showed that there was a relationship between NGO’s target population in terms of levels of prevention and the studied factors. The relationship between the services of these organizations and the levels of prevention is a very important and effective role in community health promotion.

Hemodialysis patients suffer from mental disorders such as anxiety and depression. One of the known nonpharmacological methods to eliminate these disorders is music therapy. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of instrumental music on state depression and anxiety in hemodialysis patients.

This study was a clinical trial. The population was hemodialysis patients in Hamedan in 2017 and 50 patients were selected and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The duration each time of the instrumental music intervention for the experimental group was 3 weeks, 3 times a week for 20 min. Data were measured by beck depression inventory and SpeilBerger State–Trait Anxiety Inventory‑Y1 before the intervention and immediately after the last intervention and analyzed using Yates correction, Chi‑square test, Mann–Whitney U‑test, independent t‑test, and Wilcoxon test.

No significant difference between the intervention and control groups was observed before the study in terms of demographic variables (P > 0.05). In the intervention group, the mean and standard deviation of the depression score before the intervention was 8.99 ± 23.68 and after the intervention reached 7.54 ± 14.88, which shows that the variable was significant (P = 0.001); however, no significant difference was observed in the control group. In the intervention group, the mean of state anxiety before the intervention was 10.05 ± 53.76 and after the intervention reached 9.76 ± 42.48, which was statistically significant (P = 0.004), while no significant difference was observed in the control group.

The results indicate the positive effect of instrumental music on reducing anxiety and depression in hemodialysis patients. It is recommended that this therapy be used as a nursing method to reduce state anxiety and depression in hemodialysis patients.

There is a lack of organized effort in the arena of school health promotion, which has been recognized as an effective approach to combat the growing incidence of communicable and noncommunicable diseases. With this view, a study was conducted to develop comprehensive and replicable model for health promotion in schools.

The Knowledge to Action (KTA) framework recognized by the World Health Organization as an implementational framework was used in an implementation study in a school of urban Jodhpur to assess the challenges and gaps associated with health promotion interventions in the school. Baseline regarding knowledge application and practices was gathered using interviews with school staff, parents, and group interaction with students. Knowledge synthesis was done by a thorough search of available literature and the gathered baseline. Resource mapping was carried out using checklists developed from knowledge synthesis. Tailor‑made tools were constructed for knowledge implementation for each component of the action cycle. Knowledge of facts related to health behaviors among students was evaluated using pre‑ and postquestionnaires and practical application of knowledge was assessed using a checklist of 28 indicators on a 5‑point Likert scale. Values of tests were gathered and compared with test values 3 and 6 months after the implementation of tailored interventions using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Increase in correct answers by students (42% to 96%) and average response for indicators on the Likert scale (3.23–4.86) was seen on repeated interventions over 6 months. Tobacco consumption by school staff reduced by 20% and an increase in willingness among teachers was observed on follow‑up interviews.

The study thus developed a model for health promotion in a school with the help of the KTA framework using tailored interventions that could further be evolved in other setups based on local needs and available resources.

As shown in previous persons that used the effective coping strategies are more aware to recent stressful life events in their live, this study conducted to investigate the main stressful life events and common coping styles in adult’s population.

This cross‑sectional study was conducted in 2018. In overall, 345 persons aged 18 years and more by stratified cluster sampling were enrolled in the study. The valid questionnaires including the coping inventory for stressful situations‑21, the Holmes‑Rahe Stress Inventory, and 28‑item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ‑28) were used to interview. The analysis of variance and t‑student (t‑test) was used to determine the association between the two variables. The statistical significance level was considered <0.05.

The top three importance events among 43 stressful items in our study were change in financial state, gain of a new family member, and death of close family member. We found that task‑oriented coping (P < 0.001) and avoidance‑oriented coping (P = 0.021) significantly more used in males compered to females. According to Holmes‑Rahe life stress inventory instructions only 4.7% of participants are prone to getting ill in next 2 years.

The results of this study showed a positive relationship between coping styles and lower risk of mental health problems and stressful life events. Hence, activities and training programs aiming to enhance personal approach coping skills is important to reduce of side effects of stressful life events especially those recently exposed to negative life events and stresses.

Medical images have been widely used for various aims, especially for the educational purposes. Patient confidentiality and consent should be deemed crucial. In this study, we sought to assess patients’ satisfaction with taking medical photos of their skin lesions and giving their physicians consent to use them for educational purposes.

This multi‑method study included quantitative and qualitative phases and was performed from April to November 2018 in the Dermatology Department of Shiraz Faghihi Hospital in South Iran. Demographic information was analyzed using the descriptive statistics. To resolve the simultaneous effect of demographic variables on patient satisfaction, we conducted linear regression. All the tests were analyzed at the 0.05 significance level.

In this study, all the patients except one (99.5%) preferred that only a physician who had a direct role in their care can access their digital photos. Of 200 patients, 134 patients (62.33%) preferred the utilization of hospital cameras in photographing their skin lesions (P = 0.002). On the other hand, 131 patients (49.81%) did not gave consent about using a personal phone camera for photographing their skin lesions (P = 0.001). In the qualitative phase, two major themes (trusting attending physician and paying attention to patient confidentiality) and five sub‑themes (considering their physicians as professional people who always do the right thing, allowing physicians to use their images for educational purposes, covering patient’s face, using hospital cameras, and obtaining informed consent from patients) were derived from qualitative semi‑structured interviews.

The results showed that there is a need for developing international and national photography guidelines in the era of technology development.

The coronavirus disease‑19 (COVID‑19) emerged from China and rapidly spread to many other countries all over the world. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and obsessive–compulsive (OC) symptoms among COVID‑19 survivors after their discharge from the COVID‑19 treatment center.

This was a cross‑sectional, hospital‑based study performed among 119 COVID‑19 survivors. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to measure anxiety and depression. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)‑Checklist (PCL) and Brief OC Scale were used to measure PTSD and OC symptoms. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics using the SPSS (IBM Corp. Released 2015 version 23.0).

The mean anxiety, depression, and PTSD scores were, 7.12 ± 0.68, 8.08 ± 0.22, and 19.78 ± 0.88, respectively. Based on cutoff scores, the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and PTSD among COVID‑19 survivors was n = 53, 44.54%; n = 73, 61.34%; and n = 30, 25.21%, respectively. Older COVID‑19 survivors (≥50 years) were more likely to show symptoms of depression and anxiety (P < 0.001) compared to younger ones. Furthermore, COVID‑19 survivors who were ≥50 years of age experienced a greater level of PTSD compared to younger ones; similar trends were seen in those experiencing OC symptoms. In the present study, n = 98 (82.4%) were obsessed with fears of contamination and an equal number had compulsive handwashing.

Anxiety, depression, PTSD, and OC symptoms are common among the COVID‑19 survivors and that underscores the need to diagnose and manage mental health morbidities among these survivors long after their recovery from COVID‑19.

A doctor–patient relationship built on the concept of empathy is so essential to attain the best clinical outcomes in medicine. Since empathy has a positive role in interpersonal relationships and medical outcomes, its assessment is highly crucial. The aim of this study was to assess the empathy in last‑year medical students using the Persian version of the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (JSPE) and correlate empathy scores with demographic features.

In this cross‑sectional study, last‑year medical students at Shiraz Medical School, Shiraz, Iran, were recruited for this study. In this research, we used the Persian version of JSPE. The validity and reliability of the Persian version of this tool were confirmed in the previous research. For the analysis of data, we employed descriptive statistics and the independent sample t‑test.

One hundred and eighty‑five final‑year medical students were included in this study. The maximum score of the questionnaire was 140, and the total mean score of empathy was 98.15 ± 13.29. The females’ total mean score (102.05 ± 11.89) was higher than the males’ score (93.57 ± 13.46). The difference between the mean score of gender and empathy was significant (P value <.001), but there was no significant difference between empathy and the two other demographic factors (P > 0.05).

Although physicians would gain the essential characteristics of empathy during their career, attending professors and other responsible policymakers in medical education should focus more on the factors related to physicians’ empathy to train better and more professional physicians.

The outbreak of the COVID‑19 epidemic started in late 2019 in Wuhan, China, causing many psychological and occupational effects for the medical staff, including dentists and all those who work to promote oral health. The present systematic review study investigates the psychological causes and effects of the COVID‑19 epidemic outbreak on dentists.Systematic search was performed on valid databases such as Science Direct, Web of Science (WoS), Embase, Cochrane, and Scopus. The English articles published from December 2019 to November 2020 were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The quality of the articles was assessed using an existing checklist. Then, their full texts were reviewed to extract the necessary data. Finally, the data were summarized in a table.This systematic review study showed the emergence of psychological symptoms such as fear, anxiety, and stress are the three most common disorders in dentists and all those who work to promote oral health as the medical staff. This pandemic has had occupational and economic consequences for dentists.In general, the research results indicated that the outbreak of COVID‑19 had affected the dental profession in two areas: (1) Psychological consequences: Reviewing the articles showed that the essential psychological effects in the dental profession are the fear of infection by patients, anxiety, and stress, respectively. (2) Occupational effects: The second significant consequence of the COVID‑19 outbreak was that due to fear and anxiety of getting infected with the virus in the dental environment, containing particles and aerosols from patients’ saliva and blood, dentists had to limit doing their jobs in the emergency room and sometimes even closing their offices. This issue may cause economic problems for their professions. There is also a need to allocate additional costs for the provision of sanitary equipment

To avoid making decisions based on the unproven opinions of emergency medical technicians (EMTs), many emergency medical service (EMS) systems rely on emergency medical protocols. As protocol‑based on‑scene decision‑making is influenced by many challenges, identifying these challenges can result in providing appropriate conditions for EMTs’ decision‑making. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the barriers and requirements in the off‑line emergency medical protocols implementation m in the prehospital emergency medical system.

To conduct this study, qualitative content analysis using 10 field observations, 22 interviews, and 2 rounds of focus group discussions was applied. The duration of interviews lasted from October 2019 to January 2020. The Graneheim and Lundman approach was used to analyze the data.

Seven categories (15 subcategories) including education and awareness (professional training and education and community‑based education); attitudes (professional attitude and community attitude); interactions and coordination (interpersonal interactions, organizational interferences, and community’s interactions); rules and instructions (instructions and supportive rules); control system (monitoring and evaluation and motivational system); accessibility (recourses and communication); and organization (structure and process) were obtained as the obstacles and challenges in the offline emergency medical protocol implementation in the prehospital system.

There are many challenges in implementing offline emergency medical protocols in the prehospital emergency system. To achieve the effectiveness and efficiency of offline prehospital emergency protocols, it is necessary to facilitate these challenges and improve the EMTs’ knowledge, attitude, and performance through cooperative and skill‑based education. The findings of this study can be useful for EMS systems from national to local levels.

During the pandemic period of coronavirus disease, appropriate oral health management and disease prevention of children are very important for children’s oral and general health. The aim of this study was to survey to better understand in children’s dental health and dietary habits and to learn about parents’ attitudes toward dental treatment and clinical factors associated with their QoL using the Turkish version of KIDSCREEN‑10 during the initial stage of the COVID‑19 pandemic in the general public.

A two‑part questionnaire , namely Part 1 addressed topics regarding changes in general and dental health, dietary habits of children under quarantine, and sociodemographic characteristics of the family and Part 2 impact of QoL was assessed by the KIDSCREEN‑10 scale with 10 questions. The questionnaire was sent online using WhatsApp to a convenience sample of mothers with children between the age group of 8 and 18 years, who lived in Istanbul. Variables were statistically analyzed using the Student’s t‑test for independent samples and Univariate F‑test, ANOVA according to the characteristics of variables which were analyzed.

This study included 328 from 557 mothers with 58% respondent rate. The consumption of fast food, packaged food, and carbonated beverages decreased during the COVID‑19 outbreak. Half of the mothers of children reported that they were anxious or fearful about their children visiting dentists during the pandemic and 64.2% of the children missed routine dental visits. The KIDSCREEN‑10 scores for 13 years old or older children were influenced more by the COVID‑19 pandemic than those for the 8–12 years old, who had a better QoL (P = 0.008).

The results of this study emphasize the importance of oral health and QoL of children during the initial phase of the COVID‑19 outbreak. The general perception of QoL in this group of Turkish children seemed to be substantially affected by COVID‑19 outbreak.

The long‑term outcomes are important concepts for cost‑effectiveness analysis in patients with premature coronary artery disease after revascularization (coronary artery bypass grafting [CABG] and percutaneous coronary intervention [PCI]) and medical therapy (MT). The finding of this study will be used to calculate the events probabilities for cost‑effectiveness study.

This systematic review will use studies in which patients age must be 18–60 years in eligible studies that obtained from PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase. We will assess the long‑term outcomes after CABG, PCI, and MT by random‑effects meta‑analysis and effects will be shown by risk ratio. We will ascertain the probabilities of adverse events during certain periods and then outcomes will compare separately based on specific characteristics.

This study will provide information related to outcomes of CABG, PCI, and MT in patients with premature coronary artery disease. Doing this systematic review is valuable from clinically and economically aspects such as cost‑effectiveness and cost‑utility analysis.

In recent years, many reforms have been made on the structure of hospital administration, most of which are proposed by Parker–Harding models. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to systematically review global relevant experiences in reforming the hospital governance structure with emphasis on the Parker–Harding model. Required information was collected using keywords autonomization, corporatization, privatization, decentralization, reform, hospital autonomy, governance model, and structural reform in databases such as EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, SID, MagIran, and other resources. Information on the subjects under study was collected from 1990 to 2020. The content extraction method was used for data extraction and data analysis. Thirty‑nine sources were included in the study. Results of searching for relevant evidence on a variety of hospital governance models (government, board, corporate, and private) based on the Parker–Harding model in four categories including strengths (31), weaknesses (30), outcomes (26), and interventions (21) are outlined. In this study, strengths, weaknesses, outcomes, and corrective interventions were presented for different models of hospital administration that could be used by healthcare policymakers. Also, According to the results of this study, governmental model less recommended.

It is universally acknowledged that strengthen the participation rate in breast cancer (BC) screening can find cancer in its earlier stages. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of regular visits to the health centers on women’s knowledge and attitude about BC screening.

In a cross‑sectional study, data were collected from 380 women identified with Kurdish background, who were registered in health care centers of Islamabad‑e Gharb during January and February 2017. The subjects were divided into two regular and irregular groups based on the quantity of presence in health centers. Data on women’s awareness and attitude about BC screening were collected by a trained interviewer using a structured questionnaire. Bivariate analysis, analysis of variance, and independent sample t‑test were used to see the mean differences within the groups. The level of confidence was set at 0.05 significant.

Women were representative of four health‑care centers of the city, mainly ≤39 years old (73.9%), married (96.3%), with high school education (44.2%) characteristics. The total mean ± standard deviation of awareness score about BC was 6.03 ± 3.90. In total, 19.2% of participants had poor (<2.13), 64.2% had an average (2.13–9.93), and 16.6% had good (˃9.93) awareness about BC. The results showed that the level of knowledge and attitude about BC screening was significantly different between regular and irregular groups (P < 0.05).

An important message from this study is the need for improved and coordinated BC education for all social classes of women. It is necessary to discover ways to encourage women with academic education to visit health centers regularly during interventional studies.

Due to the COVID‑19 pandemic, many countries have implemented nationwide lockdowns. While this leads to a decrease in disease transmission, there is a concurrent increase in the levels of psychological distress. To estimate the levels of psychological distress in school‑ and college‑going adolescents currently under lockdown and to determine the factors associated with this psychological distress.

A cross‑sectional study conducted in Army Public School and College (APSAC) Sibi, Balochistan province of Pakistan between March and May 2020. Students of APSAC Sibi were enrolled in this research. Modified Kuppuswamy Socioeconomic Scale, Godin Leisure‑Time Exercise Questionnaire, and Kessler‑10 were used for data acquisition. Chi‑square and t‑tests and univariate analysis (nonparametric test) were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0 (IBM, Armonk, US).

Out of 225 participants, 57.4% were studying at school. Sixty‑four percent of the participants were likely to be suffering from psychological distress. There is a significant effect of physical activity, sleep duration, bedtime at night, screen‑time duration, and COVID‑19 positive family member on the levels of distress. A moderate positive correlation was between psychological distress and bed‑time at night (rho[223] = 0.328, P < 0.001) and screen time duration (rho[223] = 0.541, P < 0.001). A moderate negative correlation of physical activity (rho[223] = −0.340, P < 0.001) and a weak negative correlation of sleep duration hours (rho[225] = −0.158, P = 0.018) was found with psychological distress levels.

The COVID‑19 lockdown and pandemic have had a considerable psychological impact on both school‑going and college‑going students, showing increased level of stress. A strong public health campaign along with mental and physical and social support programs are the need of the hour.

Stress is a subjective experience which creates an obstacle in a person’s path of achieving his or her goals. It creates negative outcomes among the population. Medical curriculum is very vast and stressful. As doctors are the very important part of society, medical students must be allowed to learn their trade in a stress‑free environment. The present study aimed to assess the perceived stress, various sources of stress among medical undergraduate students, and the coping strategies adopted.

This was a cross‑sectional study conducted among medical under‑graduate students studying at a tertiary care hospital situated in Mumbai city of Maharashtra between January and June 2018. Using purposive sampling technique, a total of 450 medical students from 1st year to final year were invited to participate in the study. A self‑administered questionnaire consisting of sociodemographic details and perceived stress scale questions was used. Logistic regression analysis was carried out to assess the determinants of stress. Odds ratio, 95% confidence interval was calculated. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The overall response rate was 79.11%, with 356 out of 450 students returning the questionnaire. Among 356 participants, 324 participants (91%) were suffering from high levels of stress. Factors such as curriculum vastness, frequency of examination, competition with peer, performance in examinations, worry about future, loneliness, relation with opposite sex, and quality of food played a major role in creating additional stress.

The perceived stress was higher among female medical students. Academic factors are greater perceived cause of stress in medical students in this study. A substantial proportion of medical undergraduate students were found to be stressed which necessitates appropriate and timely interventions. Reframing the academic curriculum along with examination and evaluation patterns, incorporating extracurricular activities, and establishment of counselling cells in the institution is the need of the hour.

The development of any society depends on proper planning in various fields such as population and birth control. Fertility control is designed to create a level of population growth appropriate to the resources available and to ensure a good life. Receiving information and education is one of the basic strategies to change the attitude toward fertility and awareness in most people in society. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of education on knowledge of fertility counseling and attitudes toward fertility control in health workers.

The present study was a randomized clinical trial with a control group that was conducted in the presence of 107 health workers of health centers and community health centers working in Mashhad in 2017. The research units were randomly divided into three groups (webinar training, group discussion training, and control). Research tools were researcher‑made questionnaires on attitudes toward fertility and measuring healthy reproductive awareness that all study participants completed at the beginning of the study and 2 weeks after the intervention. Data analysis was performed by the Chi‑square, one‑way analysis of variance, and independent t‑test using the SPSS software version 16.

The results of this study showed that at the beginning of the study, all three groups were homogeneous in terms of quantitative and qualitative demographic variables including age, education, work experience, type of employment, and number of family members. The results of Kruskal–Wallis test showed that before the intervention, the three groups did not have a statistically significant difference in terms of mean scores of awareness about fertility counseling (P = 0.77) and attitude toward fertility control (P = 0.523), but this relationship was significant after the interventions. Furthermore, the results of Mann–Whitney intragroup test showed that the scores before and after the intervention were significant in both educational groups (P = 0.001).

Considering the importance of healthy fertility counseling and the important place of education in promoting awareness and attitude toward healthy fertility, it is recommended to use active educational methods to promote the awareness and attitude of health workers to provide healthy fertility services to couple

Nowadays, air ambulances have been developed as part of advanced emergency medicine services with many countries employing these services for transferring patients in usual and emergency conditions. However, there are challenges concerning the optimal development of air ambulance base. The present research aimed to identify factors affecting the development of air ambulance bases to provide the opportunity of planning to improve the quality of emergency medical services. In this systematic literature review, the peer-reviewed papers in fiv electronic databases, including Medline through PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest, as well as available gray literature, were searched and selected. Two combinations of groups were used as keywords: the Health Planning and development factor, air ambulance base. The focus was on the PRISMA checklist, with no time limitations until from 1990 to January 2020. Finally, through 5156 related citations, 20 articles were included. Descriptive and thematic content analyses were evaluated. The factors affecting the development of the air ambulance base were classified in fiv categories and 14 subcategories as follows: navigation criteria, process indications and standards, sociopolitical factors, and current situation of the area. There are few studies on factors affecting the development of air ambulance bases. It is necessary to apply multidimensional models to consider various factors for development. The development of high populated cities, events and ceremonies with a crowd of participants, and increase of human-made disasters are making these services increasingly indispensable.

The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of managers’ good character traits and perceived organizational support (POS) of employees in one of the therapeutic and educational centers of Kermanshah, Iran.

In this applied, descriptive, correlational, and cross‑sectional study, the statistical population included the employees of one of the therapeutic and educational centers of Kermanshah. Besides, Cochran’s formula was employed to determine the sample volume (n = 166), and the samples were selected using simple random sampling. As for data collection, the standard questionnaires of managers’ good character traits and POS of employees were utilized. To analyze the collected data, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient test were used using the SPSS Statistical Software Version 18.0. Moreover, the structural equation approach was employed using SPSS 22 (version 22.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

The results of the present study demonstrated that managers’ good character traits and POS of employees positively and significantly correlated (P = 0.81). In addition, there were positive and significant relationships between each of the components of managers’ good character traits and POS of employees, and all hypotheses were supported.

Overall, the results of the present study showed that managers’ good character traits significantly contributed to increasing the POS of employees, thereby increasing the satisfaction with the performance of the therapeutic and educational center.

Community health officers (CHOs) are a newly introduced cadre of mid‑level health‑care providers who will man the health and wellness centers under Ayushman Bharat Mission in India. Need‑based training will help them fulfil their role in early diagnosis, treatment, and referral of tuberculosis (TB) patients. The present study identified the gaps in the awareness about TB in a heterogeneous group of trainees and addressed them through need‑based training.

A before and after the study was carried out in 110 trainee CHOs at Rural Medical College, Loni. In‑depth interviews were conducted with public health experts and focus group discussion was conducted with trainees to gain the quality inputs. Structured questionnaires based on training objectives specifically pertaining to TB were designed. Training was provided with an emphasis on addressing the gaps identified in the pretest. Posttest evaluation was done at the end of the training to assess its effectiveness. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software version. 17.0 (Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

The mean pretest score was 15.15 (standard deviation [SD] = 3.55) which improved after 6 months training to 24.01 (SD = 1.223), i.e., from 60% to 96%. There was highly significant improvement in overall knowledge score of trainees (t = 28.124, df = 109, P < 0.001). There was a statistically significant improvement in scores of all topics at the end of 6 months training in both Nursing and Ayurved graduates. Except for knowledge regarding the treatment of multidrug‑resistant TB (P = 0.004), knowledge about all other topics was comparable in nursing and Ayurved graduates at the end.

Needs assessment proved effective in identifying the gaps in knowledge and skills of interdisciplinary trainee CHOs. Medical colleges with expertise in teaching, training, and health service provision can work with the public health system to provide a model for rapid upgrading and capacity building to meet health‑care challenges such as TB.