مجله جغرافیا و توسعه
پیاپی 64 (پاییز 1400)

Urban development and industrial activities have led to dramatic changes in the physical characteristics of the land surface, energy balance and, as a result, local climate change in big cities. To investigate heat/cold island intensity, Modis Terra and Aqua data were used to obtain land surface temperature from 2002 to 2016 and all cities with a population of more than 500,000 were selected. Modis land cover data were used to extract urban and non-urban areas. And so the difference between the maximum and minimum latitude and longitude of the urban area was obtained and on every side, the city was expanded to its size To specify the non-urban area. In the next step, a representative temperature of the non-urban had to be selected from non-urban cells. For this purpose, for each day the temperature that had the highest frequency among all cells of the non-urban was selected as the representative temperature of the non-urban. And the urban heat/cold island intensity was obtained from the difference between the Representative temperature of non-urban and all urban cells. The result shows that at the day in all metropolises except Rasht from a cold island. At night, except Zahedan, which has a weak cold island, in the other city form a heat island.

In the present age, which is characterized by technology, services have been made available to users in an integrated manner, and technology has become the basis for the formation or transformation of tourist destinations. This rapid development of technology in tourism and the growing interest in smart cities has attracted the attention of destination managers and policymakers to the opportunities created by the implementation of smart strategies. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the dimensions or components of smartness of urban tourist destinations, and their measurement indicators in a way that can be used to measure the smartness of tourist destinations. Consequently, three research steps are determined. In the first step, the components of smartness and their measurement indicators have been determined and validated using the opinion of experts. In the second step, using an online questionnaire and a survey of 320 tourism experts at the level of 12 selected tourism destinations, in addition to measuring the smartness, the impact of each component of smartness has been determined. In the third step, using one-way analysis of variance test and Tukey test, the difference between the smartness of selected urban tourism destinations in general and by components is analyzed. Based on the research results, six components and fifty-seven indicators for measuring smartness were determined. It was also found that there was a significant difference between the smartness of urban tourist destinations and based on that, Qom has the highest and Sari has the lowest level of smartness.

Given the importance of rural entrepreneurship in the development process, so far in Iran, many efforts have been made to grow and expand entrepreneurship in rural areas. Despite many efforts, rural entrepreneurship in Iran faces deep and unplanned challenges. To help develop entrepreneurship in the future, purpose of this study is to phenomenologically analyze the challenges faced by entrepreneurs after establishing their business in villages of Iran. This research is applied and developmental. It is also a qualitative research in terms of the nature of the data. The chosen approach in data collection and analysis has been phenomenological. The population of this study included rural entrepreneurs met in the provinces of South Khorasan, Gilan and Markazi in the period of 2018 to 2020 years. Colaizzi method and MAXQDA.11 software were used to analyze the interviews. According to the results, in the post-entrepreneurial environment, the challenges of the villagers are affected by three factors and general contexts, including "macro conditions governing the country's space", "spatial realities" and "finding the ground for individual failure in the field of competition". The challenges of rural post-entrepreneurship are a serious threat to the sustainability of rural entrepreneurial businesses and job creation, partly under the control and management of the actor (entrepreneur) and partly under the political will and decision-making of facilitators (government and local governor). Solving post-entrepreneurship problems depends on the coordinated action of both actors and facilitators to be done within the framework of a bottom-up and participatory planning.

Continuous urbanization over the past decades has caused a large concentration of human population in these areas. Due to the rapid growth of the population and the rapid development of urban disorder in Iran, changes in land use and land cover are occurring rapidly and the sustainability of cities is decreasing day by day. Therefore, understanding the effects of urban growth on the ecosystem and determining the relationship between urban dynamics and ecological security are vital for effective urban planning and environmental protection, to support and support sustainable development.The purpose of this study was to monitor and predict land use changes over a 4 year period (2040-2000) with the Markov Chain Model (CA-Markov) in the Lavasanat Basin of Tehran Province and to evaluate the ecological security of this area over time periods. Landsat satellite imagery was used to investigate land use changes. According to the existing land use in the area, five land uses were considered, barren land, pasture land, irrigated land and agricultural and agricultural land. To quantify the landscape patterns in class metrics of NP, LSI, IJI, CA, PLAND and LPI. And NP, LSI, IJI, ED, PD and SPILT metrics were calculated on the landscape surface.Forecasting results for 2040 shows that at each floor level, the number of spots other than the Bayer floor will decrease with the current trend.

In the current study, the daily data of 385 stations under Meteorological Organization and the Ministry of Energy's supervision have been used for the period of 2016-1966. Precipitation regime and its changes of the Iranian Coast of Caspian Sea (ICCS) were studied. At first these stations are used in order to create maps with a spatial resolution of 3 × 3 km and the general characteristics of the monthly and annual precipitation. Then, to determine the precipitation regime and its changes, the seasonal index of precipitation was studied for the whole under investigation period and also the seasonal indices were estimated for the previous five decades. The seasonal precipitation index of the ICCS indicates three types of precipitation regime. The results of the study of the changes in the ICCS's precipitation regime over the last five decades indicate that the lowest spatial extent of the precipitation regime is related to a "Very equable" regime. The area under this regime, except in the fourth decade (1995-2005), has been significantly reduced. The mainly seasonal regime is seen "Rather seasonal with a short drier season", on the coastline of the Caspian Sea, parts of the Talesh heights and parts of the eastern region. It is worth noting that the modest changes in this regime are in the eastern part of the region. In general, it can be said that this periodic diet has a fluctuation behavior of decrease, increase, decrease, increase, respectively

Studying the human settlements and the range of natural resources consumption is a part of research done in the Geographical landscape field which is part of historical geography. In such studies, however, human’s attitude towards the landscape and the way it reflects in human-made artifacts has not received serious attention yet. Pottery ware, in this regard, is considered the oldest objects remained from ancient civilizations decorated with various motifs. Geographical and environmental elements are among the commonest motifs applied on such ware. Shahr-e Sukhteh in Sistan and Baluchistan Province is an ancient settlement in Iran plateau where many pottery works have been gained in excavations. The way ecological and geographical features reflected on the pottery ware obtained from Shahr-e Sukhteh is the main subject to be discussed in this research. Therefore, the main question would be this: What are the ecologically- and geographically-inspired motifs painted on the pottery from Shahr-e Sukhteh? And which phenomena and features have been particularly emphasized? A qualitative analysis of the motifs shows that although the artists had been occasionally dedicated to the realistic representation of environmental elements, such procedure in most cases has been performed symbolically. Therefore, painting the landscapes on the works had been done according to their symbolic significance.Quantitative study of the motifs on the burnt city pottery shows that the depiction of water and its related elements has the highest number and the man-made works have the lowest number.

descriptive-analytical method, with the aim of identifying indicators and factors affecting physical resilience in the worn-out tissue of the three regions of Isfahan and measuring and evaluating the rate of physical resilience. The statistical population of this study is resident households. The sample size in the study, using the Cochran's formula, was estimated to be 385 household equivalents. Data analysis, one-sample t-test, F-test and path analysis of structural equations in SmartPLS3 and SPSS software were used and maps were drawn in GIS environment. The results of t-test show a sample. The average index of quality and density of buildings, access to relief and management institutions and the quality of public services and urban infrastructure with an average of 3.35, 2.89, 2.9, respectively, at an unfavorable level (p <0.05 and average criterion less than 67.67 The results of the research show that Joybareh and Ahmadabad neighborhoods are in the worst and best condition and neighborhoods of Sertaveh, Imamzadeh Ismail, Sanbolestan and Naghsh Jahan are in the second place in terms of resilience and Sarcheshmeh and Shahshahan neighborhoods, respectively. Third are resilience

The development of small-scale agricultural processing industries (SAI) can play an effective role in reducing waste and returning the added value of agricultural products to the local community and pave the way for poverty alleviation and agricultural development and, consequently, rural development. This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the development of SAI in Dorud county using survey method. The main tool of data collection was a questionnaire. Data collection method was documentary study and interview and the main population studied was gardeners. To analyze data, in addition to dispersion and centrality statistics, coefficient of variation and confirmatory factor analysis were used. The results of this study showed that the components of the development of SAI can be divided into five main factors. These components include: legal-supportive factors, such as informing users of existing support policies and programs, as well as informing them about legal regulations and requirements. Technical-infrastructural factors, such as improving access to roads and infrastructure and means of transportation. Individual-motivational factors, such as the motivation and interest of the beneficiaries to set up SAIs and the desire of family members to participate. Social factors such as the possibility of attracting women and girls to participate in SAIs, and economic factors such as existing demand for products of SAIs. These factors have a great impact on the development of SAIs in Dorud county.

Nature-based tourism as one of the types of tourism can play an important role in the sustainable development of regions and also have important effects on improving the physical and mental health of tourists. Bandar Lengeh County has several natural capacities such as unique sandy, rocky and coral beaches, numerous islands, salt domes and unique mountain landscapes that indicate the proper capacity of this county for the development of nature-based tourism. However, it's potential and actual capacities have not yet been used effectively. The aim of this study is to determine the strategies for the development of sustainable tourism with an emphasis on nature-based tourism in the western region of Bandar Lengeh County. For this purpose, first, the internal factors (strength and weakness) and external (opportunity and threat) were determined using SWOT technique and the opinion of experts and then based on them, the strategies for developing nature-based tourism in the region have been identified, Finally, the strategies were ranked using the quantitative strategic planning matrix (QSPM) technique. The results show that strategies such as providing nature-based tourism equipment and facilities on the region's coasts, providing equipment for water sports and recreation on the region's coasts, and guiding tourists from Fars province, Kish island and the Persian Gulf countries to the region are more important in order than other strategies. The findings of this study can be considered by managers, decision-makers and planners in order to plan and develop nature-based tourism and subsequently achieve sustainable development in this region.

One of the main duties of political geographers is to identify and analysis geographical phenomena that affect political organization. One of the most important of these phenomena is centrifugal and centripetal forces within countries. These forces often led to the disintegration of countries or the political unification of political units. In west of Iran, Kermanshah province can play a key role in this field; because strengthening centrifugal or centripetal activities in which can have a great impact in western Iran and even neighboring provinces. Therefore, the analysis of distribution of the forces in this province has been considered as a research issue of this research.In this research, it has been used library method to collect data. Regarding data analysis, first centripetal and centrifugal forces have been identified based on a conceptual framework composed of the views of Hartshorne and Guttmann, and finally their distribution and intensity has been analyzed by qualitative method (descriptive-analytical and hermeneutic).The results show that along with the centripetal forces in Kermanshah province, factors of ethnic-linguistic, religion and ethnic symbols have theoretically provided the context of activity of centrifugal forces in this province and factors such as political thought and political-military organization has practically formed centrifugal forces in parts of the province.In general, the distribution of centripetal and centrifugal forces in the province is observed in three forms: the western part of the province with relatively high centrifugation, the central and southern regions with moderate centrifugation and the eastern region with relatively low centrifugation.

n this study, the attitudes of individuals to development planning and their environmental perceptions about the harms and consequences of programs in the rural community of the central part of Varzeqan county have been studied and analyzed. The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method and with exploratory design method, it has two methodological components .in phase One, using the qualitative method of "guided introspection research", the performance of the participating mind and thought was observed and reported. Then, in the second phase, based on the results of the qualitative section, the tool was developed using the SEM, using the PLS method. This study has 30 participants who have been selected by snowball sampling. The results show that "non-participation of stakeholders in development programs" along with "lack of proper foresight" are important factors in the development of damages related to the development phase and "weak monitoring mechanisms" are important factors in the emergence of damages in the implementation of development programs. According to the prevailing view in development plans, the results show that despite significant development and infrastructure activities in rural areas, development plans have not been able to achieve the objectives. Inadequate use of technology and its inefficiency, lack of institutionalized systematic participation due to poor design and application of an optimal model in this field, inadequate establishment of conversion industries, and insufficient attention to rural tourism are the most important consequences of rural development planning harms in the study area.

In recent decades due to the rapid and unplanned growth of cities, urban management has been faced with several issues, including models and patterns of urban development and the selection of optimal options for location. Neyshabour is known as the second most populous city in Khorasan Razavi province. Due to reduced rainfall and drought, agriculture has lost its prosperity and most of the rural population has migrated to the city. Urban development research has been done by the ABM model using the factors affecting Neyshabour urban development. These factors include: the dominant position of desirable socio-Access-quality road access to green space and privacy watercourse Services and usage is taken into account. The ABM model is a set of independent factors with goals and capabilities that interact with each other. To validate the model, the Markov-cellular method based on Landsat 7 and 8 satellite images has been used for 17 years. Based on the results of urban development simulation using the ABM, the area of the urban area has increased from 2018 to 2035 with a growth rate of 19.8%, and in the Markov-cellular model, the area of the urban area from 2018 to 2035 with a growth rate of / Will increase by 23%. Accordingly, these results do not differ much from each other. The results show that in the implementation of these two models, The ABM model suggests that social influence is dominant class and carefully detailed model compared with Markov-cellular automation is acceptable