پژوهش نامه انتقادی متون و برنامه های علوم انسانی
پیاپی 97 (آذر 1400)

Selection of excerpts from ancient texts and explanation of their difficulties in the form of academic excerpts for teaching in the field of Persian language and literature is one of the works that has increased in recent years. Accurately selecting parts of texts and explaining their difficulties can help students better understand ancient texts and of course, the preparation of such books requires a great deal of expertise and a great deal of care and patience. Shahnameh's book (1) Shahriyar Namvarnameh published by Samt Publications is the result of the attention of prominent Shahnameh scholar Sajjad Aydenlo who has provided a well-deserved book for students. Despite the many benefits of this book including selecting three stories from the Shahnameh instead of one, arranging the contents of the book in a decent volume for one semester, designing important topics related to Ferdowsi and Shahnameh based on the latest Shahnameh researches and..., there are some shortcomings in its compilation that have been addressed in the present article. These deficiencies include the shortcomings of choosing the verses for the excerpts of the stories, the failures to explain and explain the verses, and the shortcomings of the version used in the excerpts, and the lack of explanation about them. The author hopes that by revising these shortcomings, this valuable book will become more disciplined.

The complete poetical work of Khaghani (Khaghani’s Divan) is one of the worthy works of Persian literature that is famous for being difficult to obtain and understand. Thus, Khaghani's Divan has been less favored by commentators than other Divans of Persian poetry. In the meantime, the felicity and excerpts have impeded Khaghani's Divan as well, and several excerpts from Khaghani's odes (qasidas) have been described and published. One of these works is a book entitled " Cities' Reciter of Elegies ", written by Mohammad Reza Barzegar Khaleghi and Mohammad Hussein Mohammadi and published by Zovvar Publications in 224 pages. The present paper reviews this work and also points to some of the falsehoods and inaccuracies that have been attributed to it. Problems that will be discussed in detail include using the works of others without citing them, silence against difficult and problematic Khaghani’s verses, misinterpretations of certain verses, confusing sources, many typographical errors, and omitting some aspects of Khaghani’s poetry.

The publication and textual criticism of Attar of Nishapur’s “Tazkerat al-Awliya”, which is considered as one of the most important texts in Persian prose, was done in 1398 by Dr. Mohammad Reza Shafi'i Kadkani. More than a century has passed since the first textual criticism of “Tazkerat al-Awliya” by Reynold Alleyne Nicholson, but the new work that has been made is in many ways superior to the works of others; because the editor has largely provided a text close to Attar's language by dealing with multiple manuscripts and providing a textual criticism. In addition to this, it is necessary to mention the useful comments, the detailed introduction, and the acquisition of the main sources of the mystics' words in Tazkerat and their memoirs and cultures. The present article intends to point out some of the shortcomings and mistakes in the text of the book while pointing out the advantages and benefits of the new work. These shortcomings include typographical errors, incomplete or incorrect references, ambiguity in the method of textual criticism, structural and content confusion.

The book “Qesse-ye Solayman”, was written by Abu-Ya’qub Yusif ibn-e Ali ibn-e Omar-e Tabrizi, in the late 6th/early 7th century AH. This book has been edited critically by Alireza Imami and Ardowan Amiri-Nezhad and published by Oqāf-e Dr Afshar with Sokhan publication. The book suffers from some deficiencies with respect to textual criticism and writing. The study aimed at identifying and correcting the deficiencies of the editors’ work and correcting those items and parts overlooked by them. Also, an attempt was made to find the missing parts of the book, including the ones noticed by the editors and also the ones gone unnoticed by them. To achieve the aims of the study, other ancient Persian books were studied and compared to “Qesse-ye Solayman” and, in order to correct the deficiencies, the co-text and the context were also taken into consideration. In this study, a new word was also pinpointed in the book and its meaning was made clear by finding the word in two other books.

The subject of editing textbooks is a scientific perspective that can be pathologic and it is the title of this article. According to the title of the article, the purpose of this essay is the expression of some problems and shortcomings in the field of editing Persian textbooks of the High school as a statistical society. It is in structure, deductive reasoning, and the evidence has been used by the statistical sample method. Each year, the group of educational books reviews these books generally or partially, the exact review of the editorial team in the field of editing the textbooks is also highly felt. Therefore, some of the relevant issues were mentioned in three areas of editing, namely linguistic, content, and technical. We discussed the important issues which needed to be addressed by the editor in these books. The result of this research suggests that among the three editing areas mentioned in the editing books, most of the drawbacks are in the “technical editing” and these books need a comprehensive overview in this particular editorial area.

In Iran, a large part of the education and guidance of students is achieved through textbooks, which requires a precise and calculated roadmap to achieve it. The document of fundamental revolution of education has been compiled based on these principles and inspired by upstream documents and according to the strategies of the Islamic Republic, and the authors of textbooks are obliged to present the principles and areas of this document in order to achieve this important goal. The field of aesthetic and artistic education is the sixth field in the section of the theoretical model of educational fields of this document. The statistical population in the present study is Persian high school textbooks and the statistical sample is the Persian textbook of the twelfth grade. Qualitative analysis of the present study was performed by deductive coding and classification of data and the unit of analysis in this study was the sentence. To achieve the reliability of the codes, parts of the book were coded by two coders and its validity was done by the method of pluralism and trust-building. Also, the research atmosphere was controlled with the presence of an external judge. Quantitative analysis of the code was performed by SPSS software. According to the analysis, the frequency of sentences that considered this field was 49.11%, which the amount of attention to its principles is unequal and, in some cases, such as directing educators to a special artistic orientation and creativity, is very little. Authors require textbooks.

The publication of newly found ancient works, if done carefully and with scientific principles, will pave the way for research in various fields of knowledge, but if done carelessly, it itself becomes problematic and adds knots to the knots. The “Nargesi Abhari's Divan Correction” is one of these cases in which many misreadings have occurred and the literary researcher cannot benefit from it. The book editor has chosen recordings that sometimes ignores the weight of the prosody, which is one of the priorities of ancient Persian poetry, and sometimes sacrifices the meaning for the dubious recording and puts a meaningless choice in front of the audience. Sometimes spelling mistakes also prevent Nargesi poetry from being understood. The present article points out the weaknesses and errors of this correction and points out the need to revise it in another edition.

Emotioncy, coined from the combination of emotion and frequency, focuses on emotions evoked by the senses from which we receive inputs, hence learning happens. The importance of emotioncy in designing coursebooks cannot be ignored. Drawing on the levels of emotioncy, the present study aims to assess the level of students and teachers’ satisfaction with the content of Persian language history books. In doing so, 150 students majoring in Persian Language and Literature were invited from 14 universities to fill in an emotioncy questionnaire, developed by the authors. The attitudes of eight teachers with regard to their satisfaction with the book content were gathered by semi-structured interviews. The analysis of the questionnaire data indicates that the Visual factor and Inner factor received the highest and lowest levels of students’ satisfaction (i.e. 14.57 & 8.00), respectively. As a result, the students were not generally satisfied with the book content. The teachers mentioned that the books have failed to take into account emotions, despite their importance. It appears that the employment of emotioncy in drafting coursebooks on the history of the Persian language could facilitate learning for students as they become emotionally engaged with the teaching content, hence the learned materials are easily transferred to permanent memory.

For about ten years, the planning committee of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology has decided to divide the PhD program in Persian language and literature into different orientations. The basic premise of this division is the Aristotelian literary genres. Accordingly, one of these orientations is lyrical literature. In this article, which is written in a critical-review method, one of the courses in this field, called "Non-Poetic Lyric Works", is reviewed. The term "non-poetic" is insufficient in the title of the course. Due to the other components of the course, it is better to replace it with the term "prose". Also, the term "analytical cognition" is ambiguous in purpose and it is better to use the term "analytical study". Given the heads of the content and References, it is clear that the designers of this course have asked the teacher to teach long folk tales as the main Reference. These tales have various components due to the fact that they have been narrated orally among the people for many years and from a structural point of view, they have little to do with the title of the lyrical literature field. It is better to consider rhythmic prose texts, technical prose texts and modern Persian stories as the References of this course.

“Time and Narrative” (3 vol. 1983-1985) of Paul Ricoeur (1913-2005) was translated from French to Persian by Mahshid Nonahali, which was published fully by Nashr-e Ney in 2018. Ricoeur's book is a difficult work that requires relatively complete familiarity with various disciplines and branches of humanities such as philosophy, history, literature, narratology, etc. For this reason, less attention is paid here to the third volume and more to the second volume. Regarding translation, it can be claimed that fidelity and accuracy have been respected, but there are many problems, especially in the field of Persian language. Apart from other problems, the translator's prose lacks sufficient dynamic and fluency to convey Ricoeur's concepts; her obsession with translation and syntactic inflexibility has made the book a difficult work. In addition, the fundamental mistakes of the translator about some important terms such as anecdote/narrative, story / history, etc. are discussed, which have caused some of the reader's difficulties in understanding the text. The translator's attention to the heritage of previous translators could reduce some of the translation problems.

The book “A Glance at the Literary Developments after the Victory of Islamic Revolution” in the Realm of Poetry and Fiction by Bahjat-o- Sadat Hejazi was published in 2015 by the Elmi- Farhangi publications. The present article has been written to introduce and criticize the aforementioned book. The outcome of the study shows that the book as a whole from both aspects is poor and fails to meet the requested standards. For this reason, it deserves not to be placed among other references before being reviewed drastically. Obviously, it would be useful provided that all the deficiencies be removed.

This study aims at evaluating the textbook “The Quran and Hadith’s Manifestation in Persian Poetry” that was published by the Organization for Researching and Composing of University textbooks in the Humanities (SAMT). In comparison with similar works, this textbook has gone a further step and the writer has created a more methodical, comprehensive and applied book. The logical order in expressing discussions, a more comprehensive classification of effectiveness methods along with useful explanations for its examples, and also clear translations from the Quran verses and Hadiths are among the strengths of this book. However, according to the criteria for evaluating textbooks, there are some serious loopholes about this book in terms of form, structure and content that create some problems for students in their learning process and remembering the materials. Failing to refer and cite reliable references in defining the terms, ambiguity, generalization, paradox, the plurality of titles, lack of correspondence with the purposes and the approved educational curriculum, lack of desirable and effective preface, necessity to take updated criteria into account, no benefit and comprehensiveness in compiling the materials along with some weaknesses in form and structure are some of the points which need to be revised and modified in this book.

From Ghaghara era up to now, around 60 lexicons gathered but unawareness to methods and configuration of methods in micro and major structure for lexicography, the old approach to slang, low vision to slang in comparison with formal language, fear of destroying taboo words in formal language from cultural statecraft which caused more gathering merchant lexicon and unnoticed in university meetings. The territory of this essay is describing and criticizing twelve main lexicon in Persian slang from 60 lexicons by the usage of practical linguistics science. The results of this essay anecdote that 12 lexicons are adapted by Lexicography methods in formal language and the highest weakness of lexicographers is incorrect or defective information of sub enters in micro and major structure. This essay attempts to survey texts of 12 lexicons, assuming that the use of formal language Lexicography and Personal Computer (PC) Figuration can aid to protect and give scientific credit to this temporary language.

The book "Children's Literature in Iran" is a university textbook that covers most of the topics of the Ministry of Science, for two units of "Children's Literature" course at the undergraduate level. The author of the book is Mohammad Dehrizi, one of the authors of "Writing" book in high school, a graduate of literature and one of the poets and writers of children and adolescents, who has won several national awards. The book was first published in 2009 under the title "Iranian Children and Adolescent Literature", and its new edition was published in 2020. The book has many positive aspects, but due to common methodological weaknesses between this book and many books which are written in the realm of children's literature, the present study prefers to critique this book from an approbation point of view, rather than a critical one. A book has a scientific function to the extent that it can present the paradigms of a theory to the reader in a systematic hierarchy. Therefore, the main purpose of this article is to examine the method of systematizing the paradigms introduced in the book. In this regard, the book is reviewed in six areas: education, methodology, content, editing, chaptering, and aesthetics. This research, for the first time in Iran, reviews a book in the field of theoretical literature for children and adolescents.

The book "The Secret of Khaghani's Poetry" is a new research work in the field of Khaghani, which is considered a valuable work due to its scientific method, aesthetic view, aristocracy and contemplation of the author. This book consists of four volumes, two of which have been published so far. In this article, we have introduced and reviewed the first volume. At the beginning of the article, we have introduced the different sections of the book and its content, then we have pointed out its scientific and aesthetic values. In the review section, we have identified the mistakes or shortcomings of the book under the two general headings of typographical and editing errors, in detail and by mentioning the page. One of the main types of typographical and editing problems is the frequent use of verbal accents and excessive markup. In the content flaws and shortcomings, some explanations and selection of replacement versions have been criticized. Our aim in this article is to emphasize the importance of this book in Khaghani studies and to eliminate its shortcomings in future editions.

One of the fundamental questions in the literature of the new story writing in Iran is the extent of the linkage with classical Persian literature. The importance of this question becomes apparent when most critics and researchers in the field of fiction, novel, and short stories consider it as the imported art (Western), and it is believed that the entry and expansion of new fiction to Iran should be based on the same western art attitude and non-native phenomenon. It is clear that in the light of such an attitude, expecting the benefit and relationship of the Iranian storyteller with his literary past looks awesome and awkward. "The Effect of Classic Persian Literature in Contemporary Story Writing" by Masoume Sadeqi, an answer to the serious rejection of the novelty of the novel and the new Iranian story Relying on the three novels "Suvashoon", "Missing salooch" and " Fire without Smoke", while rejecting the prevailing view, Reveals the Iranian writers' influence on the style and language of Persian classical literature. The present study, by revising this work in a descriptive-analytical manner, concluded that in spite of the writer's admirable effort to prepare and collect intelligible information and intertextual representations of selected novels with some basic objections and unbalanced thematic propositions, the data analysis and the final interpretation of novels are confronted. An insulting approach to the whole and the whole of this attitude requires a serious review in the book.

Methodology of literary research in the subject of citation is in relation to research ethics. In other words, the methodological mistakes can be followed by the moral ones. This paper, in this regard, critics the book “Abd –ol -Hoseyn Zarinkoub’s Lectures of Literary Criticism” by Ahmad Khatami. One of the emphasized points in this article is the ambiguous boundary between the author’s speech and his sources. This ambiguity has various dimensions including equivalence of sources and equivalence of main concepts and terms. In other words, as elimination of the distinction between the author and sources in citations of this book, as if there was no difference between author’s view and sources, and even among sources. The result of this point is the naturalization in the definition of main concepts and terms. In the end, it is argued that the methodological mistake has had obvious moral consequences and faults.

“Tarikh –e- Baihaqi” is one of the Persian proses taught in two undergraduate and postgraduate courses in Persian language and literature. Having a good correction makes it easier to teach. So far, six corrections have been made in “Tarikh –e- Baihaqi”. Two recent corrections have been favored by researchers. The present study compares the recording of the Persian poems of “Tarikh –e- Baihaqi” in two versions of the Tarikh –e- Baihaqi of Yahaghi-Sayyedi and Fayyaz and tries to assess the accuracy of the recordings and the accuracy of the copy editors by examining the harmony of these poems with the content. For this purpose, in addition to using the prosodic rules of the Persian language, attempted have been made to use transcripts, attention to the imagination, textual consistency, authentic corrections of the poets’ divans, transcripts. The research method is descriptive-analytical. Data were analyzed by the library and document analysis using the content analysis method. The result shows that understanding the true meaning of the verses, linking them to the historical statements of the text and understanding them correctly depends on the correct meter of the verses, which unfortunately has not been adequately addressed in the correction of some of the verses. Metrical studies indicate that the correction of Yahaghi-Sayyedi despite more manuscripts is less accurate at his disposal.

Long after the creation of the first Persian novels and short stories, research works were created in connection with these works of fiction. In this study, the method of historiography of the first history of fiction (ie “The History and Evolution of Modern Iranian Literature and The Founders of Modern Persian Prose”) that have been published abroad at the same time has been investigated. In this article, with a descriptive-analytical approach and based on the components that the authors of this research have considered for the type of literary history, the discourse of these two works has been studied. The results show that Alavi and Kamshad studied literary works without being influenced by the ideology of the government of the time and with the aim of finding two-way links between literature and current political events. Of course, they have their drawbacks; structural weaknesses in the arrangement of materials, not addressing the literary style of works and not analyzing the literary and artistic aspects of literary works, using second- and third-degree sources, basing on selections of previous critical works are among these weaknesses, often due to distance from institutional contexts and contexts are related to literary works, which has caused significant damage to these two histories of literature.

Among Western Quran scholars who have viewed Islamic texts, especially the Qur'an, with fairness, Christine Sands, in her book “Sufi Interpretations of the Qur'an” from the Fourth to the Ninth Century, first examines the hermeneutical presuppositions of Sufism and then makes an analytical comparison between the methods. The mystics of the commentator follow the story of Moses and Khidr, the story of Mary and the verse of light.In reviewing this book, after looking at the advantages and positive aspects of the work, some of the content weaknesses of this research that the author has noticed have been addressed. A significant part of the taste-interpretive points in this book is based on the materials that have been quoted from Abdul Razzaq Kashani and the interpretive parts of Gharaib Al-Quran Nizamuddin Araj Neyshabouri and then Ala Al-Dawlah Semnani. Most of the interpretive issues in Gharaib al-Quran are taken from "Najmiyya interpretations". Paying attention to this point could change the order of the topics and the final evaluation of the author. Also, some cases of weakness in the translation of the work have been noticed, which has led to the confusion of the Persian text. The evidence presented for these weaknesses was not a case of differences of taste in translation.