نشریه برنامه ریزی توسعه شهری و منطقه ای
پیاپی 14 (پاییز 1399)

This article tries to redefine the human scale to measure the hidden dimensions of it in the success of implemented urban projects along with other criteria of success. The purpose of this article is to better promote urban plans in the historical contexts of the country with the correct definition and focus of the dominant and common criteria of success. Therefore, restoration projects (improvement and renovation) implemented in the 2001s in the 12th district of Tehran have been considered for this work as a case study. The research method here is qualitative and quantitative, using coding concepts to redefine, Delphi technique to select designs, then ranking them through analytic hierarchy process.The qualitative interpretation of the concept of human scale in urban design literature, the degree of compliance in selected projects with other criteria and the degree of overall success of each project is compared.That is, it can be mentioned as a common and complete limit in successful designs and spaces of the city. The share or percentage provided by this criterion, by the definition of this research, in each project, represents an acceptable ratio of the total success criteria of a project. Also, with the same relative conditions, among the internal concepts of the human scale, the role of popular participation, ie the non-physical dimension, is the highest in the success of space and body.

How people perceive and interpret walking in the area of residential complexes is an important issue for the architectural design of such spaces. In the meantime, human routing can be very effective in facilitating this. The importance of the issue is important when routing in such spaces can cause concerns when evacuating a quick rescue operation. This concern increases when a person unfamiliar with the environment wants to find the direction he or she needs. In this study, we seek answers to these questions; Which path (in terms of form) can provide more human perception and interaction with the environment and facilitate routing for humans? Also, the research hypothesis that results from the research question can be expressed as follows; A path that creates more visibility and readability for humans can be more effective in navigating humans in space. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the formal structure of routing in the space of residential complexes based on the theory of space syntax and determine the best type of route in terms of readability for people in the environment of residential complexes. In this study, to evaluate this issue, a structural description of human environmental behavior based on the theoretical foundations of space syntax is provided. Accordingly, to achieve the research goal, using Depthmap X 0.50 software and by extracting graph-based methods and interpreting pivot charts, orientation, pivotal vision and readability, people's perception and interpretation of routing in the area of Tabbin residential complex Becomes.

In order to create more meaningful spaces and promote the sense of belonging of residents to the space of their residence, this study seeks to discover the memorable factors affecting the sense of belonging of residents to their living space. Morgh Bazaar were selected from the old neighborhoods and three neighborhoods of Abiyari, Eslah nejad and Havabord from the new neighborhoods of Shiraz were selected as a case study and a questionnaire was distributed. The basic research method of this paper is correlation. The data of the questionnaire are evaluated using Spss software, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (Spearman's ρ) , Tukey , ANOWA, Paired Sample T-Test and Pearson correlation coefficient (Pearson's r) . The memory factor is the independent variable and the sense of belonging is the dependent variable.The results of the present study indicate the importance of the memory factor in promoting a sense of belonging in all neighborhoods, Accordingly, the effect of social memories was greater than physical memories on promoting the sense of belonging of neighborhood residents and in general, the sense of belonging of residents to neighborhoods, in the new texture is much less than the old texture .In general, the index of reminiscent elements from physical memories and familiarity with the neighborhood from social memories has the most impact and the factor of historical buildings from physical memories and non-governmental organizations from social memories has the least effect in promoting residents' sense of belonging to the living space.

One of the most important issues in the cities is their overgrowth into metropolises. Of course, this increasing growth can often be associated with many environmental, socio-cultural, and economic-political effects and consequences. Hence, one of the most effective approaches to deal with this issue would be "urban growth management". Over the past few decades, Urban Growth Management (UGM) as a practical strategy has tried through some approaches, policies, and plans to guide the metropolitan growth process in a more sustainable and smart direction. One of the most important and practical models in quantitative estimation of urban growth conditions has been the "Smart Growth Index" (SGI) which has used a variety of techniques, including the "4D" technique. With reference to such a theoretical and technical background, this article has analyzed the metropolis of Tehran based on some smart growth indexes and in the framework of the urban growth management approach. The results obtained in this article have shown that a positive intervention in the condition of density, diversity, design, and accessibility in land use-transportation interactions can have a significant effect on the vehicle miles traveled (VMT), and thus reduce the mobilities and controlling urban growth in Tehran mega-polis region.

Lalehzar is one of the historical and cultural streets in Tehran. in many sources, is considered as an urban space to depict the history and culture of this city. At this time, the lack of social and cultural activities related to the historical features and the disruptive and unpleasant proximity of commercial activities to the historical and cultural context of this street, have led to many social problems. The idea of organizing, rehabilitating and renovating Lalehzar Street through revitalizing and paving was one of the solutions provided to enhance the status quo and to create a rich urban space in terms of social and cultural texture.The present research approach is based on the principles of Social Impact Assessment This research has a mixed-method design, combining quantitative and qualitative methods. Findings and results of the analyses shows that the most important impacts in implementation and operational phases are the social impacts of the project. Impacts such as improving the quality of life, enriching leisure time, creating nightlife and increasing social interactions in the area scored the most points. In physical-ecological aspect, the most important impacts are the reduction of traffic load and the preservation of valuable historical buildings. Increasing the income of related businesses and enhancing the investment attractiveness are the most important economic impacts, and in cultural aspect the most important impacts are tourism development and increasing place identity. After identifying different impacts of this project, the mitigation hierarchy is proposed accordingly in the end of the paper.

Today, urban development programs have little control over the components and forces that shape urban spaces; These conditions are the result of the divergence and separation of components, forces and social, political and economic groups of influencers and authorities existing in each of the territorial dominions. It is in a way that today the processes of power in the urban complex leads to the gradual elimination of unorganized groups and interests in favor of the dominant groups.In the urban complex of Mashhad, despite the existence of regional, district and urban programs with the aim of a balanced organization of space and achievement of spatial justice, regional and urban imbalances, and a highly centralized capital and power could be observed; In a way that in this urban complex, the processes resulting from unlimited development have contributed to environmental degradation, migration of villagers to the city, increased urban squatter settlement and consequent damages. The present study is developmental in nature and is based on a mixed methodology, using a questionnaire of experts, and applying CFA factor analysis model in identifying the power and influence of actors on spatial structuring and their relationships, goals and intentions as the most critical factors in analyzing actors and stakeholders in Mashhad urban complex. The findings of the current study showed that the elements of power of sovereignty, government, public sector and citizens have had the most power and influence in shaping the spatial organization of Mashhad urban complex, respectively.