فصلنامه مطالعات امنیت اجتماعی
سال دوازدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 67، پاییز 1400)

The spread of Covid-19 in the world and the increase in fear of the disease caused by it, has paved the way for cyber criminals to take advantage of this situation and has led to increase the various types of scams associated with this virus around the world. In this context, improving the quality of information published by the media is an important factor in controlling rumors and gaining citizens' trust to participate in social media as a technology platform for government services. However, despite its importance, no research has been conducted on the factors that may protect individuals against cybercrimes associated with Covid-19 outbreak. The present study highlights the importance of social media in managing information security during the outbreak of crisis.

As far as applied aim, nature and method are concerned, the present study is of descriptive-survey correlational type. In the study, using planting theory and protection motivation theory, a research model has been developed to investigate the impact of social media information quality injection on individuals’ information security behavior in relation to scams caused by the Covid-19 outbreak. Structural equation modeling using SMARTPLS was also used to analyze the 207 questionnaires collected from social media users.

The results indicated that the quality of information published by the media affects the security behavior of users' information through perceived intensity, perceived vulnerability, self-efficacy and response effectiveness.

The media could be considered a targeted tool used to control or reduce the perpetration of cybercrime via improving the quality of information that leads to the control of rumors in cyberspace, in proportionate with the type of crime prevention programs, the type of audience and their users.

The phenomenon of peddling women in the Tehran subway, which has become one of the most fundamental problems of this metropolis, is a common phenomenon observed by all those people who use the subway. The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying and investigating the areas of social security on the part of women peddlers selling things in the subway.

A qualitative approach and a phenomenological method were used to further understand the aim. Sampling method in this study was of purposeful or judgmental type. The data collection tool is a semi-structured interview. The participants in this study are 23 women peddlers in the subway.

The study showed that peddling in the subway is some sort of job that many women from various age groups and social classes are involved in it for whatever reason to pay their bills. Various factors, some of which are related to women's social security feeling, have led them to choose this job. The main categories obtained are: "interactions of women peddlers in the subway", "wearing masks not to be identified", " security or insecurity feeling ", "former employees, today's peddlers", "women’s umbrella" and "advantages of peddling compared with street jobs", are indication of the spectrum of positive and negative contexts in the women’s  social security feeling in the subway.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the consequences of public opinion inversion from the perspective of social security and strategies coping with it.

The research was of qualitative type with the underlying theory approach (grounded theory). Due to the interdisciplinary nature of issues related to the public opinion inversion, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 43 experts and pundits engaged in communication, media, sociology and psychology issues. In order to analyze the data, three-stage open coding, axial coding and selective Strauss-Corbin coding were used. The study reached saturation with 35 interviews, and eight other interviews were conducted in terms of achieving reliability and information saturation. The sampling method was purposefully dependent on the criterion. Based on this, experts who had experience or examples of issues related to public opinion and its inversion were selected and then the interview went on. In order to ensure the validity of the research, following the implementation and extraction of concepts, each interview was presented to the interviewee and then the categories and themes were submitted to 10 communication and sociology experts.

The research findings indicated that cases such as; Loss of public trust and reduction of social capital, reduction of social mobilization capacity, perceptual consequences of audience resistance toward the message, weakening of national solidarity, foreigners' message becoming authority , influencing governance method and weakening public policies, outbreak of crisis of acceptability and legitimacy in the structure pave the ground for the emergence of security challenges, continuation of public dissatisfaction and loss of social trust are among the most important consequences of the phenomenon of inversion of public opinion, which generally have security effects and dimensions. The research results showed that although most of the consequences of the inversion of public opinion are related to security and social areas (social security); dealing with these consequences, is the most important strategy to make reforms in communication and management. The necessity of being honest with the public, improving efficiency and effectiveness, eliminating the grounds for social divisions, reforming communication mechanisms, paying attention to the basic and priority demands of the public, making wise decisions and the necessity of decisions being convincing, paying attention to the critics voices are the most important things that need to top the list of measures and reforms in the governance system.

One of the main challenges in the issue of criminals’ entry into the criminal justice system, is to receive formal and governmental criminal responses in the framework of harsh punishments. The corrupt sequence of such responses is the authoritarianism of the judiciary, criminal policy having security flavor, the elimination of public responses, and the labeling of citizens. In order to prevent this corrupt sequence and pay more attention to preventive approaches, the presence and emergence of community-oriented police with comprehensive and restorative approaches based on peace and compromise seems essential. The present article investigates the role of community-oriented police programs in Mazandaran province in crime prevention.

The required information is collected via two incorporated ways: through library and field methods (preparation of a researcher-made questionnaire based on Likert scale and its filling in by a simple random sample of 350 police, judges, university professors, officials and individuals) in Mazandaran province; and data analysis was performed using SPSS and single-sample and two-sentence t-test.

A community-oriented approach in Mazandaran province police via implementation of plans including the Makna plan, the plan of the police trustee council, the establishment of counseling and assistance units and quadruple plans to promote social security (Ra’ad, Fateh, Nosrat and Zafar) with criminology basis of and based on theories such as restorative justice, labeling and the theory of minimal criminal law, while achieving 75% compromise in referral cases, has led to halting and reducing crimes in the relevant neighborhoods and promoting social security feeling. Therefore, Mazandaran province police has successfully developed a community-oriented approach based on participatory criminal policy in minor and petty crimes through implementing centralized and decentralized programs and plans.

Sense of commitment and responsibility is one of the necessary requirements for the realization of citizenship, as there is a duty and task vis-à-vis citizenship rights for citizens. Unfortunately, having gone through society and observing citizens’ behavior in performing citizenship duties, we experience the growth of civic responsibility evasion, which is also interpreted as circumvention, sharpness and shrugging off the assigned tasks. This issue is of high importance particularly in man-made disasters, urban issues, citizens’ contribution, social development and urban management. In 2020, the present study has been conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between the levels of social insecurity and civic responsibility evasion among Tehrani citizens.

The survey and data collection was performed using a researcher-made questionnaire technique and through performing cluster sampling method among 18+ Tehrani citizens. Using Cochran's sampling formula, the statistical sample size was estimated at 384; however, due to the pandemic conditions of the corona virus at the time of conducting the study and the existing restraints, data was collected and analyzed in SPSS via 356 questionnaires.

Descriptive findings indicated that the level of civic responsibility evasion by citizenship among those who filled in the questionnaires is above average. Also, the level of social insecurity feeling was reported above the average level. There is significant relationship between social insecurity feeling, citizens’ awareness and education; with the degree of civic responsibility evasion. The results of the research path model shows that social insecurity feeling (with a coefficient of 20%), the level of citizenship awareness (with a coefficient of -24%) and education (with a coefficient of -0.23%) are among the factors impacting the level of responsibility evasion by citizens.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of the interactions of the heads and staff of

The present article mainly aims at analyzing the impact of interactions between Baharestan No.109 police stations chiefs and staff with the zone business owners in social crime prevention, and specifying the role of verbal, non-verbal and media interactions of police stations with business owners in social crime prevention in that zone.

The present descriptive-analytical article is of correlational type. Its statistical population includes 2800 shops in the zone under coverage of Baharestan No. 109 police stations, using stratified proportionate sampling method (each unit as a stratum), eight floors and based on Morgan table, 340 shopkeepers under the coverage of mentioned police station were selected. The validity of the study was obtained using logical validity, and its reliability was obtained through Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.84).

The findings indicated that verbal skills, non-verbal skills and media relations of police stations with the shopkeepers are effective in social prevention of crimes. The results show that “face-to-face training of shopkeepers by the police” in the verbal skills index, “shopkeepers’ respect for the law and law enforcers” in non-verbal skills and “distribution of educational videos, CDs, warning photos by the police” are the most important priorities.

Accountability is one of the requirements of any organization to stay in the field of competition and gain the trust of relevant stakeholders. Accountability in organizations such as the police, which is part of the criminal justice cycle, is more effective, more durable, and less costly if it is based on remedial methods. The present study aims to assess the impact of the level of accountability based on the restorative approach on the satisfaction of clients referring to police stations.

The present research method in terms of data is quantitative, and in terms of applied objectives and nature is of correlational type. The statistical population of the present study includes 25 + clients holding high school diploma or higher and working with one of the state organizations or private companies; and on 23 August, 6 September and 21 September 2018, referred to seven police stations in Greater Tehran and  were selected through cluster sampling. Simple random sampling method was used based on Morgan table, and 322 out of about 2000 people who referred to selected police stations in six days in connection with court cases were selected. A researcher-made questionnaire based on theoretical foundations was used as assessment tool in the present study. The validity of the instrument is calculated by Cronbach's alpha and its value is 0. 85. The indicators introduced by Klein (2011) have been used to confirm its validity. The present data was analyzed by regression and paired t-test in SPSS 22 package.

The findings indicate that professional accountability, organizational accountability, sovereignty (political) accountability and police legal accountability with a restorative justice approach with 0.39, 0.46, 0.32 and 0.44, respectively, as well as restorative justice training for employees has  equal to 0.76 impact on people's satisfaction. The results of the research show that while  focusing on  and  developing accountability indicators including organizational, legal, professional and sovereignty accountability; and training manner of  implementation of restorative justice methods such as mediation, holding local meetings and compromise circles via getting  help from local community, the police could enhance public's satisfaction.