مجله زبان شناسی گویش های ایرانی
سال ششم شماره 1 (پیاپی 8، بهار و تابستان 1400)

Languages ​​have different dialects and accents due to the dispersal of speakers and their historical developments. Each language has its own three substructures of phonology, morphology and syntax. In this research, the linguistic term "variety" is used, which is a neutral term. Kordali variety belongs to the Kurdish language family. The data of this study were collected with the aim of phonological description of phonological system, morphological description of lexical system and syntactic description of grammatical system of Kordali speakers living in Dehloran city of Ilam province. This study is presented by descriptive-analytical method and the research method has been done in both library and field. Field research was conducted in the form of face-to-face interviews with 12 informants. The data were transliterated into the IPA2020 transliteration alphabet, and the phonology section was analyzed based on the Prague School of Phonetics. The morphological and syntactic analysis in this study is based on the book "The grammar of Persian language 1st". The results show that Kordali variety has 9 vowels and 28 consonants. All kinds of verbs except two-dimensional verbs and impersonal verbs, and all kinds of nouns, adjectives, pronouns, adverbs, pseudo-sentences and function words, as well as all types of declarative, interrogatives, expressive, imperative, simple and complex sentences are also found in this variety of language.

The aim of the present study was to examine one of the suprasegmental features called syllabic prominence in Isfahani accent. In order to achieve this goal, the effect of variables of base frequency, intensity and duration in creation of syllabic prominence has been investigated. In order to do this study, eighteen standard Persian words were selected in a way that all six simple vowels (three short vowels and three long vowels) were in the same consonant proximity in all three initial, middle and final positions of the words. Then these words have been pronounced twice; alone and again in the form of a carrier sentence by eleven native speakers of Isfahani who were in the age group of 40 to 50 years. The speakers' voices were recorded by a SONY Model X recorder and then audiologically fragmented in Pratt software, the values ​​of each variable were extracted and statistically analyzed in SPSS software. The findings of this study showed that in the Isfahani accent, the place of base frequency in the words of two and three syllables was first syllable, the place of duration was last syllable, and the place of intensity was before the last syllable. Comparison between two levels of word and sentence showed that there was no significant difference in the variables of basic frequency and intensity, but the variable of duration was more at the level of word than the level of sentence.

In this study, based on data obtained from a number of languages and dialects of Iran (as well as a number of languages out of Iran due to the analysis and discussion of the article), the reduplication process has been investigated and analyzed in framework of the views of Inkelas and Zoll (2005). The main purpose of this research is to answer these two questions: What are the main functions of reduplication in languages and dialects of Iran? 2) What explanation can be given for the common functions of reduplication in different languages? To answer these questions, after raising the issue and stating the research methodology, first the previous researches are reviewed, then the research data are analyzed, and finally a series of discussions and conclusions is given. Analyses and discussions in the article show that in the languages and dialects studied, reduplication is used to add different meanings to the base. Research studies also show that nominalization is another common function of reduplication in languages and dialects of Iran. In addition, it has been argued that within the framework of Inkelas and Zoll, it is not possible to provide a satisfactory explanation for some of the data, therefore it is necessary to reorganize this pattern in order to explain more types of reduplication. In explaining the phenomenon of duplication, it has been argued that paying attention to the relationship between form and meaning in duplication is very helpful. Also, through the presentation of some data and their analysis, it has been said that binary structures based on onomatopoeia can also be considered as a kind of reduplication.

This study investigated grammatical gender in Āmora’I language. This language is spoken in Āmora village in Khalajestan rural area in Qom province. It has two grammatical genders: Masculine and Feminine. Feminine gender is marked by inflectional suffixes '-a' and '-iya'. This suffix appears as -a in consonant ending words and -iya in vowel ending words. These markers are added to nouns, pronouns, indefiniteness markers, adjectives and verbs to distinguish the gender of a word. The grammatical gender of the verb, adjective, pronoun and indefinite marker is determined based on the gender of head in noun phrase. The gender agreement is a regular-based method for distinguishing the gender of nouns in the rest of the components of the sentence. The gender agreement of verbs with adjectives is also observed with any type of noun (human, animate and inanimate) and with plural nouns. While indefinite marker agreement can be seen only in singular names attributed to humans. The verb gender agreement is only possible for past tenses. In this agreement, although third person singular pronoun which expresses the gender marker but also, it is true for all other persons.

Lenition, is a phonological process in which, a phonological segment is produced either weaker or more sonorous. This term is often applied to a variety of other phonological processes which indicate weakening. This study examines the role and the type of phonological strength in the emergence of lenition processes in the Persian language in its evolution from the Middle Persian to the modern Persian based on Foley’s historical perspective. To do this, 120 Middle Persian words from different Pahlavi dictionaries such as the small dictionary of the Mackenzie Pahlavi (1391), the Pahlavi grammar of Nyberg (1390) and the Pahlavi language dictionary of Mansouri (1394 and 1396) were collected, extracted and analyzed. One of the research findings is that the phonological processes of elision at the end of the word and fricativization at the beginning of the word, between two vowels and the coda of the syllable (before the continuant consonants of the onset of the next syllable), have been applied to plosive consonants. Another achievement is that the plosive lenition has been accompanied by two successive processes of "increasing of the sonority" and "opening of the articulatory stricture".

In this study, based on data obtained from a number of languages and dialects of Iran (as well as a number of languages out of Iran) the process of reduplication has been investigated and analyzed in framework of the views of Inkelas and Zoll (2005). The main purpose of this research is to answer these questions: What are the main functions of reduplication in Iranian languages and dialects? 2) What kind of explanation can be given for the common functions of reduplication in different languages? To answer these questions, after raising the issue and stating the research methodology, first the literature is reviewed, then the research data are examined and analyzed, and finally a series of discussions and conclusions are given. Analyses and discussions in the article show that in the languages and dialects studied, reduplication is used to add different meanings to the base. The study also shows that nominalization is another common function of reduplication in Iranian languages and dialects. In addition, in the data analysis section, it has been argued that within the framework of Inkelas and Zoll, it is not possible to provide a satisfactory explanation for some of the data, and therefore it is necessary that this pattern be reorganized in a way that be able to explain more types of reduplication. In explaining the phenomenon of duplication, it has been argued that paying attention to the relationship between form and meaning in duplication is very helpful. Also, through the presentation of some data and their analysis, it has been said that binary structures based on onomatopoeia, can also be considered as forms of reduplication.

Compounding is one of the major processes of word formation in all languages of the world. Formal and semantic study of compound words has always been one of the main concerns of researchers and experts in the field of morphology. So far, different classifications have been presented for compound words, of which exocentric compound is one of the most important. In Laki, which is one of the languages belonging to the northwest branch of the Iranian languages, compounding is the most important word-formation process and majority of compounds of this language are exocentric. The aim of the present study is to investigate the synthetic, metaphorical and transpositional types of exocentric compound words in Laki based on Bauer (2017). The results of this study show that exocentric synthetic compound has seven different structures: [noun + verb]; [Adjective + verb]; [Adverb + verb]; [Preposition + verb]; [Preposition + noun + verb]; [Noun + preposition + verb]; [Noun + noun + verb]. These compounds are also semantically diverse and are used to express the noun of agent, instrument, place, time and similarity, and agent and patient adjectives. There are also instances of metaphorical and transitional and evolved compounds in Laki, but their diversity and frequency are by far less than those of synthetic compounds.

The present study investigates and compares the process of vowel shortening in Persian and Central Kurdish languages based on optimization theory. Since almost the same phonological processes occur in co-type languages, despite the long vowels in Persian and Kurdish, it is expected that vowel shortening process will occur in these languages. In the present study, Phonological analysis of data showed that vowel shortening occurs in high and low vowels in both Persian and Kurdish. In Persian, three long vowels /i, u, ɑ/ and in Kurdish, two long vowels /i, ɑ/ undergo vowel shortening process. Depending on the phonetic context, in the both languages the vowel /ɑ/ can only be reduced to two short vowels /e/ and /æ/ in Persian and two short vowels /ə/ and /æ/ in Kurdish. In Persian, the number and variety of context in which long vowels are shortened is more than in Kurdish. Optimality analysis also showed that the type and order of final constraints and marking constraints on the shortening of long vowels /ɑ/ and /i/ are the same in different phonological contexts of Persian and Kurdish.

The study of metaphors through cognitive approach illustrates how much the human mental imaginations extends to abstract concepts. In this study, which has been conducted in the cultural linguistics framework, the process of categorization and imaginative schemas have been used to explain the metaphors of the water phenomenon in the Azerbaijani Turkish language. The research data were collected through interviews with 30 Turkish native speakers, as well as the use of books, poetry collections and dictionaries of this language in a very limited number. First, the semantic relationship of each of the words related to water was determined, then, to show the exact metaphorical meanings, the semantic categorization method and the presentation of an imaginary schema were used to determine the viewpoints of Azerbaijani Turkish speakers to the metaphors of water. The research findings show that the speakers of this language use water expressions metaphorically in their speech. There are ten metaphoric expressions of water with positive use and one with negative use that are used by native speakers in appropriate situations.

Due to the fact that the grammatical sources of the Azerbaijani Turkish language are generally based on traditional grammar and no distinction is made between the elements of tense and aspect in this approach, so the present study examines and compares these two elements in the Turkish and English languages based on the Halliday’s systemic functional grammar. In the first stage, the conjunctions of tense in Turkish language and then aspect in the form of English sentences with their Turkish equations were compared and examined and the following results were obtained: in all sources of traditional Azerbaijani Turkish grammar conjunctions -'ir ', "ar / әr And - miş, which actually represent the process of occurrence of the verb, are considered as representatives of tense. In other words, in the Turkish traditional grammar we are faced with a kind of fusion of tens and aspect. On the other hand, in the systemic functional grammar, the aforementioned morphemes are not included in the tens group, but, in the residue part, they play the first role of the predicators, i.e., they express the temporal aspect of the occurrence of the verbs. Also it was found that present tense morpheme in the Turkish language – contrary to the traditional grammar - is represented by the absence of the morpheme ‘- di’, that is, with a zero morpheme which according to the systemic functional grammar is placed in the 'predicator section. Tens morphemes in Turkish, unlike in English, which in some cases appear in the form of integration with lexical verbs, are always connected to the lexical verb base in the form of dependent morphemes.

The study of morphological and syntactic construction of personal names is one of the areas of linguistic studies which is known as linguistic onomastics. The present study, focusing on personal names in Lāmerdi dialect (a Persian dialect in the south of Fars province, Iran), is one of the first attempts to study personal names in Iranian dialects. In this research, Lāmerdi personal names are divided into ‘simple’, ‘complicated’ and ‘group’ names, and analyzed from a morphological and syntactic point of view. Findings reveal that clipping is the widely-used word-formation process in simple and complicated personal names. This process is categorized into back-clipping, middle-clipping, irregular, and fore-clipping. Influenced by situational context, several suffixes are used to express the meaning of blame (-ol), humiliation (-ak), and endearment (-ā, -aku -i). Among of them –ol and -aku are marked for gender and social status. The study of “group names” and their four syntactic structures is the final part of this article. “Group names” in Lāmerdi dialect represent an ancient tradition in Iranian naming, which, due to the prevalence of the Arabic tradition of naming individuals in official and court texts, did not occur much but remained unofficially in Iranian dialects.