نشریه پژوهش ملل
پیاپی 70 (آذر 1400)

The outbreak of coronavirus has created a new situation in the human world. The decreased importance of political disputes of political disputes, the collapse of religious dogmas, the potential vulnerability of human beings to nature, and the increasing importance of science in human life are all parts of the changes and warnings of the coronavirus entering modern human life. According to official statistics, more than 40 million people worldwide have been infected with the virus so far, and more than 1,115,000 people have died. The virus has also become a benchmark for the effectiveness and rationality of various political systems and figures. The outbreak of coronavirus in Iran has faced different reactions: some see the coronavirus epidemic as new evidence of the inefficiency of the political system, while others see the performance of the Iranian government as acceptable by reflecting the situation of Western societies infected with the virus. The aim of this article is to investigate the effects of Covid-19 virus on the domestic politics of Iran and the international community by a descriptive-analytical method. The main question is what changes will we see in domestic politics and the international arena with the significant outbreak of the coronavirus in the world? Analysis of the data shows that the Covid-19 virus can have significant social, economic, political, and cultural consequences for the international system. Therefore, in the political dimension, it has caused a change in the approach and belief of the powers that influence the international system, creating an atmosphere of conspiracy, weakening democracy and strengthening authoritarianism, and changes in the field of important theories of international relations.

The systemic transition to the post-Cold War international system has functionally and fundamentally transformed the nature of the international peace and security, such a way that the building blocks of the sustainable international peace are conceptualized as including the regulations against environmental, economic, social and human threats at the national, regional and global levels. In the present article, the research method is explanatory-analytical, and using documentary sources, the role and position of the environmental security in promoting global peace and stability and the challenges and obstacles to address this issue are explored in addition to examining the importance of the environmental security as an emerging and dynamic security phenomenon. The main question is how the environmental security can consolidate the sustainable peace in the 21st century? In answer to this question, it is hypothesized that the environmental security reduces systemic disorder and entropy in the international system by controlling and organizing human, social and economic threats, and will pave the way for a sustainable state of peace in the international system. Findings show that the environmental threats threaten the sustainable world peace through the integration of other destabilizing components in the international system (i.e. economic, social and humanitarian threats), and in this regard, the consolidation of the sustainable international peace depends on the establishment and maintenance of a sustainable environmental security within the framework of a public and active dialogue and action.

This article examines the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps' labeling as terrorists by the United States in the framework of the international law. In its latest action against the Islamic Republic of Iran, the United States has listed the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) as a terrorist organization. This is the first time that an official body of an independent government from another country has faced such a decision. U.S. officials have accused the IRGC of supporting terrorism in the region, and have cited their action as a lever to increase pressure and bring Iran to the negotiating table. In the present article, an attempt has been made to discuss this issue by providing a definition of terrorism and reviewing international documents and U.S. domestic laws. In addition, a legal analysis of this action is done while providing a description of the conditions created. By calling the U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM) and all its affiliates a terrorist group, the Islamic Republic of Iran has retaliated against the U.S. move. The findings are based on the principle that this action by the United States is contrary to the principles of the UN Charter, and violates the international peace, security and order, and calls for a strong presence of the Security Council as a UN peacekeeper. Also, under Articles 40 and 41 of the International Law Commission on State Responsibility, the United States has international responsibility, is condemned to non-recognition, and must, in principle, be reported to the Security Council.

The North Korean nuclear crisis, given its importance and complexity, is one of the most important areas for the emergence of strategic rivalry between the United States and China. The United States, in the guise of the UN Security Council, has issued various resolutions and sanctions in an effort to control North Korea's nuclear activities. China, though considered the most important supporter of North Korea, also disagrees with the expansion of North Korea's nuclear and missile activities. This article assesses how threatening the North Korean nuclear crisis is for the two countries. The present article seeks to answer the question that how the North Korean nuclear crisis, through the balance of threat between the United States and China, fosters strategic rivalry and conflict between the two countries. In answer to this question, it is hypothesized that on the one hand, the United States is trying to maintain its hegemonic position in the international system by resolving the North Korean nuclear crisis, and on the other hand, it seeks to undermine its emerging rival, China, by resolving the crisis. On the opposite side, China, considering the negative consequences of the nuclear crisis in the Korean Peninsula for China, has made every effort to make the most of this crisis in strategic rivalry with the United States. The research method is descriptive-analytical and its data have been collected through library studies and analyzed in the framework of Stephen Walt's Balance of Threat Theory.

The export of the Iranian Islamic Revolution to other countries of the world emerged from the first days of the victory of the Islamic Revolution in the words of Imam Khomeini as the leader of the Islamic Revolution. Given the ideological influence of the Iranian Islamic Revolution on Lebanon, the world is witnessing the emergence of an orderly and cohesive military and political organization in Lebanon. The purpose of this article is to analyze the causes and grounds for the spread and influence of the Iranian Islamic Revolution in Lebanon. Given the visible impact of the Islamic Revolution on Lebanon, a scientific study of its causes is necessary. Accordingly, using the descriptive-analytical method and relying on library and electronic sources, the present article examines the ideological foundations of the Iranian Islamic Revolution and investigates the impacts of these sources on the Lebanese Shiites. The findings show that the influence of the Iranian Islamic Revolution in Lebanon is due to having a common ideal, i.e. following Islam as the only way to prosperity against the ideas of liberalism and Marxism; common values and cultural components such as freedom, justice, independence and dignity; common enemy, i.e. the superpowers and their representatives in the region; and the common ideology, which is the ideology of Shiite Islam under the leadership of the Supreme Leader.

The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), adopted in 1989, includes the rights of Provision, Protection and Participation, the latter of which is considered a major innovation of this document over previous documents and is based on the three pillars of interest, capacity and voice (views). This article addresses the theoretical and practical failures of the CRC participation principles and tries to introduce another idea called Ministry Partnership in the face of Sovereign and presidential participation  of the child, which is the general spirit of this document. The article argues that the idea of Ministry Partnership is the most theoretically and practically defensible idea among the theories put forward so far in the interpretive literature of the Convention. The main issue of this research is to analyze how to protect children against threats while recognizing their participation in different levels of decision making. This article identifies the critical points of the common discourse of children's rights by examining the opinions of the interpreters of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and a critical view of their views through descriptive-analytical methods and library work. It also seeks to capture new ideas for analyzing the rights of the child as a vital member of the human rights body by delving into the basic texts of the domestic legal system.

Nowadays, there is an emphasis on active teaching methods based on cognitive and constructivist theories, in which the main assumption is that the greater the level of student participation in education, the more learning takes place. In this regard, the teacher has a very important and fundamental role, because in addition to the leading-supportive role, he is responsible for organizing students' learning activities and the harmonious development of their existential dimensions. The present article has been done in order to study the applications of active teaching methods in teaching history. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, first, active teaching methods are examined. The research method is library method with a descriptive-analytical approach. The results show that the teaching methods of role-playing, collaborative work, and small groups are practical in teaching History. Also, teaching methods of team members, position search and scientific tour, have been considered as practical teaching methods in teaching History. In this regard, inductive and constructivist methods are amongst the best methods of teaching History.