فصلنامه مطالعات میان رشته ای در علوم انسانی
سال سیزدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 52، پاییز 1400)

The debate over theory and theorizing in educational administration has been an old and persistent challenge. Although many experts view the educational administration field as interdisciplinary and integrated, the epistemological foundations and detection of its interdisciplinary nature and classification in education administration that lead to a validation theory in this field has been rarely studied. Considering the single-discipline and interdisciplinary macro approaches in the production of science, an attempt of theorizing actually focuses on the interdisciplinary approach in terms of diversity of integrated types and their diversified performances. Using an analytical-inferential approach, the present study identifies the current condition of "theorizing" in educational administration after identifying and introducing the interdisciplinary evaluation criteria in three forms of multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary. And through analyzing a typical theory entitled "school as a social system" in educational administration, its natural and inevitable processes in the future have been investigated. The findings indicate that theorizing in educational administration studies is on the verge of transition from a single-discipline approach to multidisciplinary types. This way, the evolution of theorizing is predictable by diverging from a multidisciplinary to an interdisciplinary type.

Considering the impact of fourth generation universities on social, economic and, cultural developments as well as the growth and development of local and regional communities, the main purpose of this article is to study the dimension and develop a fourth-generation university model for Iranian universities. The study was conducted within the framework of a qualitative approach and using the grounded theory strategy. The statistical population included experts and specialists in the field of higher education. Using the purposive sampling method, the required data was gathered through semi-structured interviews with 25 experts. The data analysis was performed using MAXQDA software and based on Strauss and Corbin design in three stages of open, axial and selective coding. To validate and review the results, they were given to the interviewees and then using the peer review technique by five experts of higher education, the validity of the research was confirmed. Findings showed that the component of responsible value-creating university as a central phenomenon, transformationalism and adaptability as causal factors, responsible leadership, development of professional skills of human capital and developer curriculum as action strategies, components of specialized and professional policy-making, culture responsible innovation culture and transformational structure were identified as underlying conditions, whereas; academic independence and developer financial models were identified as the intervening components of the fourth generation university. The main consequence of the interaction of all the mentioned components is regional development, which plays a vital role in the development and growth of the local and national community in areas such as: cultural, social, economic and environmental.

The present article studies the emergence of the child subject in the Qajar period and theoretically it is based on an interdisciplinary approach to technological studies. With regard to collecting first-hand data, we used the "index paradigm" or "thinking with cases" technique (scrutiny of extra-textual details) whereas for the data analysis, we applied the "thinking the way of thinking" technique (metaphorical analysis). The article is based on the fact that photography technology during the Qajar had been used as a cognitive model to describe the child and how he acquires the knowledge. The child is understood as a flexible and receptive category that records or captures their own perceptions (sensations) and hearings (movements). Seeing the child is passive and hence supervised object, and power (in the sense of fertility and the productivity of subjects) is exercised through photographic epistemology. Supervision means taking care of and controlling everything in the presence of the child; because the presence or "being in front of something" has found a theoretical meaning for children, that is, "impressionability" or imagery. The child records everything before him, like an automatic camera. The article traces the exercise of power through photographic epistemology in places where children are present (home, alleys, library and schools).

Cultural history is an interdisciplinary approach to historiography that seeks to interact with the two main areas of the humanities i.e. history and culture. In general, existing Persian sources in the cultural history domain can be classified into two categories: a) Knowing cultural history, including: history, definition, theoretical bases, theories and theorists, introducing significant works and, presenting main issues as well as their analyses and criticisms; b) Applying cultural history, including: recognizing sources, topics, methods and approaches and providing solutions. In this research, taking into account the available Persian sources, the evolution of critical studies in the field of cultural history in Iran was analyzed and with respect shortcomings in existing researches, solutions were presented in order to systematize future researches for profound understanding and growth of this trend and its application to Iranian historiography. The data show that firstly there is a temporal dispersion and secondly there is a thematic discontinuity in the publication of sources as well as in this field of knowledge, theoretical foundations, theorists and critics, their methods and examples are not fully introduced and gap of critiques and analyzes is clearly evident. The results (solutions) presented are: 1) Defining an evolutionary study; 2) Determining translation priorities; 3) Providing critique and analysis of cultural history issues; 4) Trying to create the Iranian cultural history tradition by using intra-cultural theories; and 5) Paying attention to the main features of cultural history and adhering to it, avoiding confusion of main topics of cultural history.

Music, as a subset of the cultural system, has had always a place in cultural and anthropological researches and has been the issue of discussions and dialogues in different school of thoughts from various perspectives such as structuralism, functionalism, semiotics, ethnomusicology, etc. In this study, with reference to the functions of music based on historical developments, in the given period, it was shown that there is an interdisciplinary relationship between music and knowledge of cultural history and anthropology. The theoretical framework in this study was selected based on the functionalism theory of Bronisław Malinowski as well as the theory of structuralism of Claude-Louis-Strauss. Accordingly, in addition to the two structural functions of music, namely aesthetics and the expression of emotions, the supposed functions are added to music according to the requirements of the time and social needs. In the proposed period under study, obvious functions such as creating solidarity, expressing symbolic concepts, function in ritual music, normative function, function of creating emotion as obvious functions as well as hidden functions including: Establishing equal communication with diverse social classes; compassion for the victims of the current situation; creating a specific message about action, awakening and stability, according to the discourse of time in the audience and the extent of the message are obvious.

Well-being is one of the structures that is seriously considered in positive psychology and sensitive to the environmental aesthetic whose apprehension could affect people's health and well-being. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between aesthetic intelligence and psychological well-being by mediating aesthetic sensitivity. The research method applied is correlational using a structural equation modeling. The statistical population consisted of all students in Bu-Ali Sina University in the academic year of 2018-2019, and based on the suggested size for structural equation modeling, 384 students were selected through cluster sampling. The instruments used in this study were Ryff Well-being Scale (2002), Rashid et. al (2017) Aesthetic Intelligence Scale and Abdolmaleki (2013) Aesthetic Sensitivity Scale. The results of structural equations showed that aesthetic intelligence and aesthetic sensitivity had a significant direct effect on psychological well-being. Aesthetic intelligence also had a direct significant effect on aesthetic sensitivity. The results of indirect relationships showed that aesthetic intelligence by mediating aesthetic sensitivity had a significant effect on psychological well-being. Based on the results, it can be concluded that sensitivity to beauties of the environment and their apprehension has a positive effect on people's psychological well-being. Therefore, by developing programs to educate and strengthen aesthetics in individuals, well-being can be expected to increase.