نشریه پژوهش های تطبیقی زبان و ادبیات ملل
پیاپی 3 (بهار 1395)

Realism is one of the schools and fundamental concepts in creating novels and short stories. The Al-gomarag Val-maakous short story of Jalal Al-e-Ahmad that is the subject of this paper, is one of those realistic short stories, which has been made using techniques of realism school by the author. In this paper we’ve tried to mention the realistic features and hidden tricks in this short story by using the descriptive-analytical approach and library studies to better understand that how the reality in story reach to its perfection, which seems to be a simple and elementary issue, that is concealed out of our sight by using some teqniques, and the writer has used them by awareness and delicacy in his work.

There have been different causes in author's tendency to applying symbols in their works based on social, political and cultural factors. It seemed that nature of symbols in works of Ghollamhossain saedi and Najib Mahfuz was similar that may be related to same social, political and cultural contexts. These same symbols could be classified in clusters that included space, time, animals, character, myths, numbers, fictional creatures, natural elements and ordinarily objects. In this article, we, based on different kinds of symbols applied in Ghollamhossain saedi and Najib Mahfuz works, would answer that "whether same symbolic elements in Saedi and Mahfuz works have similar signified or not? And "where do these similar or different signi fied exist? In which symbolic elements exist? For this reason, we firstly introduce symbolism as a school of thought and then existing symbols would be analyzed with various subjects.

It is challenging for Iranian students to understand some Russian pronouns and especially specific pronouns. Specific pronouns which behave like adjectives in syntax, match the Farsi vague adjectives when translated to Farsi, so it could be stated that at least in translation, it shows the exact opposite of the concept of being specific in Russian. The reason behind this contradiction and inconsistency could be found in the way a Farsi- speaking person sees the world in comparison with the manner in which a Russian- speaking individual sees the world and its phenomena. When finding the equivalent for «каждый», «любой», and «всякий» specific pronouns in Farsi, they are mostly translated as “any” which is a vague adjective. The important matter is that their meanings are very similar which confuses the Iranian students in most cases. The questions are: «Do these three specific pronouns have different or similar meanings in Russian Language? What is the semantic or practical difference of them»? We intend to examine the Russian specific pronouns in this article and to examine the similar concepts and separate meanings, which makes it easier to distinguish and understand them.

Comparative literature is history of international literature relations. Scholar of comparative literature is like someone who sits in ambush on the border of the territory of the national language to record and review all intellectual and cultural exchange between two or more nations. With the knowledge of the works of world literature and comparing them with each other, we can achieve to a broader horizon of the look and thought. The study of Linking between literature of Iran and the Arab world and its various aspects, is one of the most important branches of comparative literature. In this research, to investigate the social conditions in the two Scholar’s works and discover some similarities to two in their social views, after a brief discussion about comparative literature, and an overview of the life of Mustafa Lotfy Al-Manfluty and Parvin and also investigating of social conditions during their life, we will study comparative their Social visions. Among the similarities between the two are: Look to women's issues, cynicism, politics and finally, the problem of poverty. They are allowed Sublime dignity for women and they have an undeniable pessimism to the time and the political and social issues and in the field of politics. Finally, they are always standard-bearer in opposition to the oppression and tyranny of rulers and continually emerge anti-poverty in their works.

Anvari Abivardi is one of prominent poets of Persian literature who have Special skills in praise and descriptions of fighters battle scenes. In Arabic literature as well, Mutanabbi as panegyrist poets excelled while commending Mamdouh, shows his campaign and victory scenes with his unique genius. This research is written with a descriptive- analytic study and based on American school of comparative literature and compares an elegiac ode of Anwar with of Mutanabi. The two odes are the strongest odes that two poets have demonstrated in them most of imagery and the strongest of his artistic creations while recounting style and manner of their expression. The results showed that first, both the poet merge multiple images because of extensive use of imagery, especially similes and metaphors. Secondly, both poets are eloquent, but sometimes turn to the difficult and complex language perforce due to compression of the presentation of picture.

The question excess export of unity and the secret of the universe exsitence is one of the most important question that's human being has done it from the start of universe and mankind speak about it and make a lot of point about it. we could strongly say this every divine and antidivine religion and school try to answer to this big question of human being according to their knowledge and talents(the qustion that always obsessed human mind),.It is what we are talking about in this survey and our main goal, adapted explain,comparison and stimulation the qulitay of axcess export from probable hidden to existence world according to Shankarabani's school attitude,Advita and Danta Indian school and author of Golshan Raz Shabestari.

Imagery is one of the most important and essential basics of a literary work, which creates different types of literary devices such as simile, metaphor, metonymy, and irony and attracts the readers’ attention by making deconstructions in meaning and form. Saib Tabrizi and Abu l-Ata'hiya are two classic poets who used these elements frequently in their poems. The aim of this article is to study and compare religious and devotional thoughts of these poets from the imagery point of view. The researcher tries to speci fically focus on the form (rather than meaning) of the devotional poems of Abu l-Ata'hiya, whose poems have only been studied from the conceptual point of view so far. The results of this research, which is based on the American school of comparative literature, show that both poets had a great ability in using imagery devices. However, since there are some differences in their styles and probably in their imagination power, some differences could also be seen in the methods and frequency of use of imagery elements in their works.