نشریه پژوهش های نهج البلاغه
سال بیستم شماره 2 (پیاپی 69، تابستان 1400)

According to their theoretical foundations, different schools of anthropology have provided a picture of the nature, truth, and scope of human existence. These theoretical foundations had a direct impact on the program, lifestyle, and human behavior. This article, based on Nahj al-Balaghah, analyzes and examines human behavior in the life path. According to Ali (AS), human beings have a dynamic truth: every container is filled with what you fill it with. Except for the container of knowledge, for it grows with it. According to this saying, the structure is moving towards absolute perfection and immortality. But a person who is not on this path and has not ascended has no power to imagine and perceive eternity, and his perception of eternity's attributes is an extraction from the words of those who have reached the truth. The mysterious desire to reach the goal, on the one hand, and ignorance of dangers and obstacles, and possibly the presence of spies, on the other hand, impedes the navigation. Therefore, to get out of these obstacles and find the right direction, it is necessary to seek a reliable source and support to respond to the inner desire of salvation-seeking man. This article, using descriptive-analytical method and library sources, tried to analyze the characteristics of the devotee according to Imam(AS), relying on sermon 220 of Nahj al-Balaghah. According to the findings, the devotee should start from self-improvement and under the tutelage of a capable master. He must have complete monitoring and care of his intellect, heart, and powers until he reaches the straight path, so nothing can stop him.

Islam is one of the text-based and revelation-based religions, and research on these two heritages of Thaqalayn is of particular importance because these two belong to human society and come from the heart of human culture. Also, they have created a culture. They can still be thought-provoking and culture-creating according to present-day needs if accompanied with scientific and up-to-date expression. The study of hadith requires more attention due to doubts regarding its parts and the injuries done to it. Since ancient times, examining the document and the text are two elements of hadith critique. In addition to them, it is necessary to use the sciences that help the hadith and contemporary textual research methods to present their life-giving concepts to more audiences. One of the influential Islamic texts in cultural thought is Nahj al-Balaghah, which some have criticized it for being sent on a mission. The present study, to indicate how the validity of Nahj al-Balaghah can be determined, how it can be used as a criterion, and how it can create a culture in different areas, investigates the validity of sermon 174 using some samples. It focuses on the practical elements in understanding this hadith and examines its content from the hadith and linguistic perspectives.

Reading Nahj al-Balaghah to explain lessons and factors such as the conditions of ancestors enables us to develop a better understanding and learning from history. Previous studies have extracted the tools and contexts of historical lessons from this book and explained them in detail. Historical learning is correct and valuable in the case of using the right tools and understanding historical facts correctly. Otherwise, lack of truth index in the simulation of historical issues; involving material tendencies, personal inclination, and socio-political prejudices will distort the truth, cause sedition, mislead people, or abuse their ignorance. Since some people use historical comparisons to discuss historical lessons, another critical mission of this article is to pathologize this category. Since the comparison of people, ancient events, and history can have destructive effects, the present paper aims to discuss the danger of historical comparison and historical characterizations, particularly comparing individuals with the Infallibles. This article also explains the correct method of historical simulations and their principles.

As one of the sub-techniques of modern rhetoric, artistic illustration analyzes old and new literary texts. Seyyed Qutb, a contemporary writer, for the first time in his book 'Artistic Illustration in the Qur'an’ has examined the images of some verses based on the elements of artistic illustration. Since vivid portrait and depiction of facts and concepts is also one of the basic features of Nahj al-Balagheh sermons, the present article aims to apply Sayyid Qutb's theory on artistic illustration using a descriptive-analytical approach. It aims to extract and analyze the creative image of condemning the world and secularists in sermon 113. Findings show that sensory imagination through recognition, visualization, artistic coordination, and description of artistic illustration elements are widely used in the studied scenes. These elements gorgeously depict the objectionable aspects of the world and secularisms for the audiences.

The best way to know the position of the Qur'an, find ways to get acquainted with it and define it accurately is to study verses and hadiths. In the narrations of Ahl al-Bayt, Quran has a high status; some verses and points are available about its preservation. Examining these narrations, the sermon, and pearls of wisdom of Nahj al-Balaghah shows that the Qur'an has truth beyond words and has a gradational state. Subsequently, Quran memorization does not refer only to memorizing its terms, but understanding and mentioning its concepts, memorizing the limits or practicing it, and receiving its truths by heart. In addition to its value and importance, each course can be a prelude to a higher rank. The Prophet and Ahl al-Bayt are at the highest level of memorizing Qur'an, and others can benefit according to the amount of purity they have.

Various Arabic to Persia translations of Nahj al-Balaghah are available. Still, due to the shortcomings, many critics have criticized these translations. The present study aims to study the translators' challenges while translating infinitive derivatives of estefal through descriptive-analytical method. To this aim, the authors used different lexical dictionaries, morphological and syntactic books, and explanations of Nahj al-Balaghah. Therefore, the authors extracted the eight infinitive derivatives of estefal in six Persian translations of Nahj al-Balaghah (Faiz al-Islam, Ansari, Shahidi, Zamani, Dashti, and Agha Mirzaei). The findings of this study show that 'error in recognizing individual structure' and 'error in recognizing plural structure' are the most fundamental errors in the translation of derivatives. Quantitatively, the statistical report of the translators' performance in the studied samples indicated that Shahidi's translation had been the most successful translation without any error in recognizing individual and plural structure in translating derivatives. The second most successful translation belonged to Faizat al-Islam translation in identifying individual structures without any error.

The religious community, based on its original religious sources, rereads and designs macro-social models. This issue is even more apparent in Iran, which seeks to establish a new Islamic civilization. One of the significant social system models in the new Islamic civilization is the educational system, and one of the sources of this civilization is Nahj al-Balaghah. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the educational implications of Nahj al-Balaghah on effective teaching. Among the characteristics of effective teaching are fluent speech, simplification, and avoidance of complexity. Moreover, the subtle eloquence and rhetoric of Nahj al-Balaghah represents it as desired educational model regarding content and structure. This educational model can quantitatively and qualitatively measure the desired educational system. The present study obtained the data from the literature review and, using a descriptive-analytical approach, studied the qualitative educational implications of Nahj al-Balaghah on effective teaching. Subsequent studies will provide the desired model based on Nahj al-Balaghah guidelines.

According to historical shreds of evidence and for some reasons, from the commencement of Nahj al-Balaghah until now, doubts have been raised by critics with different goals about the attribution of Nahj al-Balaghah to Imam Ali, and from the sixth century onwards, it has become more prevalent. The sum of the raised doubts is a subset of two basic types of doubts. The first type of doubt is related to the compiler of Nahj al-Balaghah, which according to the answers to the second type of doubts, there is no need to address them. However, the second type of doubts are because of the attribution of Nahj al-Balaghah to Imam Ali (AS), and since each of them is considered a challenge to the validity of Nahj al-Balaghah, reactions have been shown to them. In addition to the systematic separation and categorization of different types of doubts – which have received less attention – this article aims to critique the doubts - accept or reject the doubts- according to their different types and highlights the scientific attribution of Nahj al-Balagheh to Imam Ali (AS).

Human life, with its historical movement and under the influence of various factors, has always taken two contradictory paths, so conflict has always been an integral part of life. One path is in harmony with the movement of the prophets, and the other path causes deviation. An examination of Nahj al-Balaghah shows that Ali (AS), to analyze historical conflicts, mentions doubt as a common factor in shaping the contradiction. According to him, doubt means the similarity of false to the truth. Based on a descriptive-analytical method, the present article first pursues the Imam's view on the historical movement and then analyzes this path based on doubt. The obtained results confirm that Ali (AS) considers history an ups and downs movement related to human free will. It specifies paths based on carnal desires, evil temptations, domination of the oppressors, the sedition of the pseudo-scholars, etc. In many cases, a contradictory historical movement takes place to cover up the facts and turn the facts upside down for societies.