مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد
سال بیست و نهم شماره 11 (پیاپی 183، بهمن 1400)

The novel coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) appeared almost two years ago in China and quickly created a pandemic and affected all aspects of human life. The virus, termed SARS-CoV-2, is generally asymptomatic but contagious and might have originated from bats. Nowadays, the mechanisms underlying the infection and the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 are distinguishable from previous coronaviruses. Early diagnosis and supportive treatment are necessary to cure the patients with COVID-19. Early evidence recommended that children are just likely as adults to become infected with this novel virus. It is now established that children are more often show gastrointestinal manifestations than adults do, and many children affected by SARS-CoV-2 are asymptomatic. Over 300 vaccine projects are recently developed by the scientific community to treat COVID-19 disease; however, these vaccines might lose efficacy by a number of unpredicted issues, including the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 mutants.

Due to the high prevalence and worldwide widespread of COVID-19, many studies are underway to find treatment modalities and develop new vaccines or antiviral substances to fight the virus. The COVID-19 pandemic is not only a challenge to global health but also has globally affected mental, social, and economic health. Moreover, the post-corona pandemic condition will undoubtedly have many Socioeconomic Challenges. This review study has been focused on epidemiology, virology, transmission methods, clinical features, laboratory findings, and prevalent mutations of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. We hope that information provided within this article will significantly benefit researchers currently investigating COVID-19 patients.

Type 1 diabetes can lead to muscle apoptosis and a defect in the structure of the heart tissue. One of the main pathways of apoptosis is the pathway activated by the P53 and Caspase-3 proteins. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 4 weeks of high intensity interval training on the content of P53 and Caspase-3 proteins in heart muscle tissue of Sprague-Dawley rats with type 1 diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, twelve 2-month-old Sprague-Dawley male rats with mean weight of 300±20 gr were selected and after induction of diabetes through streptozotocin solution, randomly divided into 2 groups: experimental (n= 6) and control (n= 6). The training program consisted of 5 stages of 4-minute with an intensity of 85 to 95% of the maximum speed and 3-minute active rest periods with an intensity of 50 to 60% of the maximum speed. Proteins were measured by Western-Blot in vitro. SPSS software version 16 and independent t-test were used to analyze the data.

High intensity interval training resulted in a significant reduction in the P53 protein content of the training group compared to the control group (P=0.003). However, there was no significant change in the content of Caspase-3 in the activated form (P=0.71) and the initial form (P=0.15) in the training group compared to the control group.

High intensity interval training, by reducing the content of the P53 protein and preventing the activation of the caspase-3 protein, may have inactivated the apoptosis pathway of these two proteins in heart cells in type 1 diabetic subjects.

Leishmaniasis is one of the common diseases between humans and animals. The present study was to investigate the expression pattern of pro-inflammatory genes in different stages of cutaneous leishmaniasis progression in order to provide a standard framework for diagnosis of various stages of the disease.

In this experimental study, 2×106 Leishmania major were injected in two groups of BALB/c mice in the base of the tail. After skin lesion, the animals were divided into control group, without treatment and the test group treated with glucantime for 30 days by intralesion injection. At the end of the second and fourth weeks of treatment, gene expression cytokines IL-12p35, CCL3, CCL4, IL-12p40, TNF-α, CCL5, IL-1α, IL-1β, IFN-γ and CCR5 was performed in peripheral blood neutrophil cells and spleen cells using conventional PCR technique. The data were analyzed through SPSS software version 16; t-tests, ANOVA and Tukey's test were also run (P ˂0.05).

In Leishmania infected mice, before treatment with glucantime, IFN-γ, IL-1β, CCR5, CCL-5, IL-12p40, IL-12p35 in peripheral blood neutrophils and IFN-γ in the spleens were expressed, which was different from the expression pattern of the genes in Leishmania infected mice treated with Glucantim.

The cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-12, TNF-α) are important factors affecting the immune response as reducing the expression of these genes causes the lesion progression in leishmaniasis.

Evaluating the frequency of complications in implant supported prosthesis such as screw loosening and porcelain fracture is important for prevention and management of these problems. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of implant-supported fixed prosthesis complications in Yazd dental school  in 2020.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, the patients treated with fixed implant-supported restorations in prosthodontic Department of Yazd Dental School, which at least 1 year passed from loading were recalled and examined by census sampling. Prosthetic complications, including porcelain chipping, open proximal contacts, screw loosening and repeated decementation was registered after inspection. The data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software and Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. Prosthetic problems including porcelain pallor, open proximal contact, loosening of the abutment screw, and repeated loss of cement were recorded after examination and observation.

In 130 examined prosthesis, repeated decementation (8.5%), porcelain fracture (6.2%), open proximal contact (2.3%) and screw loosening (3.07%) was observed. Frequency of prosthetic complications according to sex, age, duration of implant loading and implant location were not statistically significant (p >0.05). Frequency of repeated decementation was associated with prosthetic units and number of supporting implants (p <0.05).

Repeated decementation was the most frequent complication. Frequency of complications was not related to sex, age, duration of implant loading and implant location. Frequency of complications in single and multiunit prosthesis was different.

Alcohol and beverages are one of the challenges in the field of hygiene and health today. By increasing the number of people suffering from covid-19 cases of alcohol and disinfectant poisoning increase and the reason was rumors spreading all over the country at the beginning of covid-19 prevalence. The aim of this study was to survey of alcohol poisoning and disinfectants cases in the patients referred to hospitals in Yazd Province during the Covid-19 epidemic.

This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was performed on 101 patients with alcohol poisoning who were admitted to hospitals affiliated to Yazd University of Medical Sciences during the prevalence of covid-19. Sampling was completed by census and information using the standard questionnaire of the Passive Defense Department of the Ministry of Health. Data analysis was performed using independent t-test and Chi-square and also with SPSS 16 software. The significance level was 0.05.

The mean age of 101 patients was 26.07± 7.33 years. 88.1% of patients were male, 58.4% were single and 42.6% had a diploma. 88.51% of the patients obtained their alcohol through peddlers and 47.5% of patients used alcohol to achieve happiness. 59.4% of the patients had no complication-free recovery, 12.9% had improvement with vision problems and 22.8% had other cases.

Given that the covid-19 pandemic will continue, the most important action is to educate families and society about the dangers of alcohol poisoning its long-term effects and mortality, as well as the wrong misconception about effectiveness of alcohol in prevention and the last word in to authorities to pay more attention to public health and strategic planning to prevent It is from the prevalence of methanol.

Despite the significant relationship between human papillomavirus 16 and 18 subtypes and severe cases of cervical cancer, the assessing the frequency of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasms in the patients infected with high-risk human papillomavirus other than 16 and 18 has been less studied in Iranian population.

In this cross-sectional study, the patients referred to Oncology Clinic of Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Isfahan, Iran were selected by positive HPV-typing test through Cobas HPV test and high-risk papilloma virus in 2018 by convenience sampling method. Pap smear was first taken from the patients in the usual way, then they underwent colposcopy, and a biopsy was performed on the lesion during colposcopy. If colposcopy was normal, biopsies were randomly taken from 4 quadrants (12, 3, 9, 6 hours) and, if necessary, endocervical curettage was performed. Samplings were taken by the pathologist of the study center and the prevalence of CIN2 and CIN3 was reported. ANOVA test was performed to compare quantitative variables. Chi-square test was used to compare qualitative variables. SPSS version 17 software was used for statistical analysis of data. Significance level was considered less than 0.05.

In this study, 105 individuals with high-risk HPV other than 16 and 18 were evaluated. In the biopsy performed according to the standard diagnostic method, the prevalence of severe form of precancerous lesions (CIN 2, 3) was 9.6% and the most common types of HPV in the patients with CIN 2, 3 were 52 with a frequency of 40% and type 58 with a frequency 30%.

Due to the significant prevalence of severe (precancerous) lesions in these patients, it is necessary to review the current protocols.

Not being to get pregnant, after one year of unprotected sex is called infertility. In the post, infertility was mainly a female problem, but the role of male factors in infertility has denotation, although a greater percentage of this infertility is related to the deficiencies of semen.

This case-control study was performed on sperm samples from 30 infertile oligoteratozoospermia (OT) patients as case group and 30 fertile and normosperm as controls, all the patients and controls between the ages of 20-49 years, who were referred to the Yazd Infertility Center for the treatment of infertility, were used to check the chromosomes 18, X and Y using the FISH technique. The results were considered using SPSS version 16 software and statistical tests T-TEST and Chi-Square Tests for statistical analysis and Pearson R correlation coefficient to measure the relationship between variables and statistical level P <0.05.

Disorders were observed in infertile oligoteratozoospermia men who were significantly related to the control group and between the chromosomal abnormalities, sperm counts and morphology )P<0/01) and there was also significant difference in correlation between chromosomal abnormalities and duration of infertility  (P<0/01). In addition, there was no correlation between chromosomal abnormalities and age, but the rate of chromosomal abnormalities in the age group of 40-49 years increased to 50%, which has the highest rate among age groups and definitely needs to be examined in a larger statistical population.

This finding suggest that patients with OT may be at an increased risk of producing aneuploid offspring. Considering the chromosomal aneuploidy is recommended by cytogenetic molecular techniques.

Hypertension is one of the most important preventable risk factors for cardiovascular disease. This observational study aimed to depict the role of regular blood donation on the systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, respectively) in hypertensive patients in comparison with normotensive people.

This study was performed as a cross-sectional descriptive study on 546 blood donors of Vesal Blood Donation Center in Tehran who donated between 1 and 4 times in the period of 2016-2017. Donors were divided into two groups (hypertension and normal blood pressure) based on the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at the time of the first donation. The trend of changes in blood pressure after each donation (second, third and fourth donation) was assessed using SPSS ver. 16 and One way-Anova statistical test.

In the group of hypertensive patients,, after four blood donations, systolic and diastolic blood pressure showed a statistically significant decrease after three or four donations.
Systolic blood pressure in this group after the fourth donation decreased from the mean of 149.1 to 141.6 mm Hg (P = 0.03) and diastolic blood pressure decreased from 90.04 to 86.08 mm Hg (P = 0.04 also), respectively. Decreased blood pressure was also observed in the normal group, although this significant decrease was not reported (P> 0.05).

Our results corroborated a down-regulatory effect of regular blood donation on BP in hypertensive people.  These findings are rather encouraging people toward voluntary blood donation and can be considered in therapy-related issues.