فصلنامه اثر
پیاپی 87 (زمستان 1398)

Tehran, as the capital, symbolizes the memory policy of the Pahlavi era. Tehran's urban memory itself reflects all the struggles and conflicts of the identity syndrome. These conflicts have existed even among the leading architects and sculptors of that era. But the Caucasian refugees architects and sculptors found unprecedented opportunities in the Pahlavi era to create civic art. These artists were previously acquainted with modern western design for their stay in the Tsarist and Ottoman Empire, and many of them were educated in Europe. With this cultural background, these artists were not accepted by traditional artists, and on the other hand the pressure of modernization was a threat and an opportunity for them at the same time. Armenian architects took the pioneering the movement of architectural modernism by building public buildings, and Azeri sculptors returned to the art of the Achaemenid and Sassanid arts by making urban sculptures. Tehran combination of visual symbols of urban memory of Armenians, Assyrians, Modern and Persia. In this article, fifteen works (including buildings and statues) of the Pahlavi period were studied by the method of semiotics of visual symbols. The Pahlavi memory policy has left a combination of Armenian and Azeri identity memory with archaism in urban memory. This combination has many Christian and Armenian symbols that are a cultural heritage and an example of Iranian modernity in art. It is hoped that such research will lead to a serious review of policies for the conservation and reconstruction of heritage district.

Researching and recognizing the beliefs, convictions, environmental knowledge, techniques and traditional methods of each community allows us to know their interests. The purpose of this study is to document the native architecture of the inhabitants of Bahar city in order to record some parts of its unwritten history in addition to introducing it. This research has been done through observation, interview and participation. Shahr-e Bahar is located in the northwest of Hamadan and its inhabitants are from Baharloo tribe and they speak Turkish. The Baharlus came to this place from Central Anatolia in the 12th century and built the Bahar Fortress in the 13th century. Bahar Castle was destroyed by the Mongols in 1257. Therefore, some of the Baharlus came to the Bahar plain at least eight hundred years ago, and some of the tribes have remained in the Anatolian region. Bahar passed away and at the beginning of its formation, it was a village-castle. Gradually, with the development of the city, the first houses were built on the south side of the castle and near the qanats (aqueducts). There is now a castle neighborhood in the north of the city. The location of Bahar city in the northern part of Alvand Mountains has caused them to enjoy lush and productive ranges as well as temperate climate that tend to be cold and dry. By looking at the type of materials, the method of construction and the type of exploitation of spaces, we can understand the connection between man and nature. Also, the impact of livelihood and economy on the structure of the building and the function of the interior spaces of the houses is quite obvious. In compiling this article, it was necessary to translate local words and transliterate each word for careful reading. According to the results of this study, the indigenous residential spaces of Bahar have been used only for humans and animals and less attention has been paid to the aesthetic aspects inside and outside the building. In this study, although most of the author's attention is on the anthropological perspective along with observations, interviews and participatory field studies, historical points have been made to clarify the issue.

Hesari-ye Gazerani castle is one of the late Qajar castles, located in the southeast of Esfarayen city, in the functions of North Khorasan province. After reviewing aerial maps and field studies, it was found that there are many castles from the Qajar period with almost similar architectural style in Esfarayen region, which show the historical conditions and life-style, especially in this region. This study aims to start a field of study in order to understand a comprehensive picture of the political and social developments and architectural style of the Qajar period in the region. In this article, after a brief review of the types of castles in Iran and data were obtained about the Hesari-ye Gazerani castle in terms of the current situation and its past concerning the history, architecture and the surrounding environment. The present research was conducted by descriptive method, along with mapping and recording field studies, and was an attempt to identify and understand the historical values ​​and architecture of Hesari-ye Gazerani Fortress as one of the valuable works of the late Qajar period. It also explains the relationship between social and economic relations and the architectural style of the mentioned historical period in the region.

Nowadays, the rhythm of "change" in cities has been intensified and the serious challenges and problems in historic cities have become more and more. Responding to this situation, the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) approach has been proposed by international institutions which is reflected in the reference documents of Conservation discourse. HUL by acknowledging the "dynamic and changing nature of cities" and emphasizing the need for "change management", sheds light on facing the challenges and complexities of managing and conservation of historic cities. Despite the numerous historic cities with valuable contexts in Iran, this approach has not been well considered, especially in policy making, practice and designing integrated management frameworks.
Therefore, the present article intends to explain the concept-approach of the HUL and its key principles, and introduce a process to identify, evaluate, conserve and manage historic urban landscapes based on analyzing the UNESCO Recommendation that was published in 2011. According to the current problems in the management of historical cities in Iran, (e.g. the conflict between conservation and development at different levels), proposed process can be effective in guiding the dynamic nature of the cities and conserve of HUL continuity.

Different climates has caused the formation of different regions in Iran. Climate and geographical considerations specific to a region is itself a major factor in shaping the old places and architectural elements. The environment of cities and villages, and even single buildings related to a particular climate, acquire special characteristics appropriate to that climate. Since most of the area of Iran is covered by hot and dry areas, the urban and rural parts in these areas have been created in accordance with the hot and dry climate, so that it meets the needs of its inhabitants. Among the old places in hot and dry climate is the old village of Deyhuk located in South Khorasan province - Tabas city, which is located on the edge of Lut desert. The main purpose of this article is to introduce this village and its architectural elements. The old places of Deyhuk village includes the Grand Mosque, the castle, the bazaar, the water reservoir, the tomb and the residential spaces. Various reasons including its strategic position in terms of communication and relatively sufficient water resources have played an important role in the formation and development of the old texture of Deyhuk. Climatic conditions in this region have caused it to be formed according to the climate and the needs of residents considering the role of the environment while choosing materials as well as residential and public spaces. The present study was a descriptive and analytical research with a historical and cultural approach and its findings were collected through field and library studies.

One of the main concerns of urban experts in the field of crisis management is about historical contexts. This matter is usually more vulnerable and fragile in crises such as earthquakes, floods or fires due to relative physical exhaustion. The need for proper planning for the purposeful management of these historical collections should be the main goal of the managers. In this regard, fire is one of the most important crises. The main purpose of this descriptive-analytical study is to investigate and complete the pathology of the subject and the plan to eliminate the identified the damages in order to purposefully manage and prevent fire, as well as timely and rapid extinction in case of its reoccurrence, based on post-traumatic experiences in 2009 and 2017. Library surveys and field studies have been used to collect the required information. The tool of data collection was the questionnaire that was designed using the opinions of the experts of both the historical market of Tabriz and crisis management. The collected data were then analyzed based on the SWOT model. According to the results of the study, which was measured by the SWOT analytical method, the post-fire management situation in the historic market of Tabriz is in an aggressive position; that is, the system must be ameliorated using external opportunities. Instead of passive decision-making, the aggressive situation enters the realm of decisions that will have direct effects on the system over time. Some of these strategies including the installation of hydrant valves, have been fully implemented.