پژوهشنامه مکتب های ادبی
پیاپی 15 (پاییز 1400)

Feminine aesthetics is, in essence, a contrasting aesthetic as opposed to traditional aesthetics, which has a gendered hierarchy. Although this aesthetics, from the beginning of its emergence from the eighteenth century until today, has adopted changing policies and critical views, and has passed from dual identity to multiple identity with the transition to post-feminism, But it is still in the position of questioning, and still one of its manifestations is poetry. In Iran, at the same time as the paradigm shift of the constitutional era, the aesthetics of Persian poetry underwent a fundamental change. Following the wave of awareness-raising about women's rights, the quantity and quality of women's poetry also underwent a serious transformation. As women poets - at the level of political and class elites - also opened a new chapter in this field and in the new discourse, in contrast to the centuries-old tradition of Persian poetry,They created the special aestatics.One of these women is ZHaleh Ghaem Maghami, a poet of the late Qajar and Pahlavi eras who first spoke openly about women's rights, criticized the gender hierarchy and challenged, with humorous language, Challenged the dominant aesthetic tradition And reversed the hierarchy that has been one of the targets of feminist critics and philosophers. This research, by means of qualitative content analysis and by selecting from among her collection of poems, examines the dominant aesthetic manifestations of her poetry; It focuses on feminism, including confrontational-critical manifestation, counseling, body consciousness, philosophical, and despair.

Surrealism bases its work on free association, meanings, thoughts, images, and a kind of ecstasy and dream, and tries to give artistic creativity its own aspect; But contrary to what the surrealist artist thinks, the free association of meanings and the world of dreams is in fact free and lawless, and in artistic creations nothing comes into being by itself.One of the works that allows the audience to touch and perceive a completely surreal space is the novel Jose Saramago's the year of the death of Ricardo Reis by Jose Saramago. An inner novel with a completely surreal space in which this space can be touched well.Metaphysics dominates the atmosphere of this story, sometimes it is the inner thing of people that is projected outwards and sometimes it is due to the characteristics of climate and social relations and conditions that disruptively disrupt the normal routine of normal life.In this research, in addition to introducing the school of surrealism in Western literature and also the manifestation of this school in Iranian fiction, in a descriptive-analytical way, examines, critiques surrealism in the novel Jose Saramago's the year of the death of Ricardo Reis by Jose Saramago and It is important to note that the death of Ricardo Reis, the culmination of Jose Saramago's literary projects, is in the style of Surrealism

It is obvious that myth has a fundamental role in formation the intellectual foundation indifferent human pay societies and it is essential that human pay attention to each of it effect throughoutlife especially the contemporary era of advent of technology. Myth can be see and analzed in the poetry of contemporary poets in the form of Myth making and mythology to preserve the originality of deep – rooteairanain culture Art. The influence of romantic viev on the type and extent of contemporary poets attention to myth and how they use myth narratives is one of the important issues that should be researched .myth – making have a spead place in romantic potry . in addition to aesthetic aspect of the myth. creation of revolutionary and militant spirit .change and transformation among the people can beconsidered as one of the reason for the approach 0f romantic poets. Siavash kasraei by resorting to myth – making from the romantic aspect his poem tries to portray anideal time and place in which man achieves a pare idealistic and full fills his desires.

Over the past decades, the feminist movement has been a point of controversy, especially in the fields of literary creation and criticism. One of the most prominent feminist literary critics is Hélène Cixous, who is mostly famous for her postmodern concept of écriture feminine. The present article first elaborates on four main features of Cixousian feminist postmodernism and écriture feminine: deviations from logical norms, poeticality and defamiliarization, anti-representationalism, and other-consciousness. The results of the study show that contrary to common misconceptions, écriture féminine is not exclusive to the works of female writers and that the works of creative male writers. Then, Bijan Najdi’s short story “The Day of Horsepouring” will be analyzed in the light of the similarities between feminism and postmodernism. This story has been chosen because it is unique in terms of form, narrative structure, content, and postmodern themes, which can be interpreted based on postmodern feminism. The results also demonstrate that Najdi’s unconventional and creative writing style can be considered as a prime example of écriture feminine in contemporary Persian literature.

Michel Foucault moral theory criticism and study based on boostan and GolestanMehdi sharifian*Mostafa mortezayikamari**AbstractMichel Foucault (1926-1984) is a reflective, historian and heraldry philosopher contemporary French. In a general glance, the main frontiers of the world are thought of as phenomenology, genealogy, paleontology, morality, hermeneutics, structuralism and Marxism. Since point of view sadi is from the Islamic point of view, we will declare inevitably point to the view of Islamic ethics as preparation. In this research, Foucault moral theory to study paid on based on Sadi Boostan and Golestan and ethics resolutd and analyzed from both perspectives. The results indicate that:A. Foucault moral education is pluralistic, but Sadi moral education is based on metaphysical theories.b. Foucault moral education lacks a fixed and universal foundation, but sadi moral education is based on a fixed and preceded foundation.c. The moral education of Foucault is disagree with rationalism and humanism, but sadi moral education is rational and observational.d. The moral education of Foucault is democratic and non-authoritarian, but sadi moral education is authoritative and model axial.e. The Foucault moral education is fundamentally based on discourse, but sadi moral education is based on action and objectivity.

Black satire is a feature of surrealist works and is about situations and subjects that are often more serious, frightening, and sad than can be laughed at. This type of humor is often accompanied by death, hatred, suffering, fear, sorrow, and emptiness, with a sarcastic look at morbid, horrific, and horrific situations. This article, with a descriptive-analytical method, intends to show some of their features in Persian literature by mentioning examples from the book "One Thousand and One Nights" after defining black humor and its features. According to the results of this study, the most characteristic features of black humor in this book are features such as: contradiction and contradiction, exaggeration and exaggeration, surrealist descriptions, metamorphosis and animals, tragedy-comedy, etc., which can be seen in prose more than poetry. . Burton describes black humor as a dignified laugh and a mask of despair, but in the black satire of "Thousand and One Nights", blind hatred and destiny have no absolute dominance over man and love and faith.