نشریه پژوهش های ادبی و بلاغی
سال هشتم شماره 4 (پیاپی 32، پاییز 1399)

Classicism is one of the oldest literary schools which dominated more than 2300 years over European literature. The major principles of this literary school include looking at the past, imitating nature, rationalism, moralism, and teaching with enjoyment. Though the Persian literary work namely Kelile and Demne is not included in geographical domain of this literary school, the prominent features of the school can be applied to it. In a descriptive-analytical method, the study attempts to investigate classist principles of the Kelile and Demne. The prominent results include the followings: 1. Kelile and Demne of Nasrallah Monshi consider the classic works of the past and sometimes imitate their themes and style. 2. It imitates nature and social experiences. 3. It attempts to teach pleasurably. For example, it considers proportions in form and meaning and teaches different sciences. 4. Kelile and Demne narrates some fables which seem to be real if we consider their cultural backgrounds. It is a technique that is called verisimilitude. 5. In bringing moral contents and themes, Kelile and Demne encompasses Islamic morality, humanistic morality, and Indian morality. Hence, Kelile and Demne can be generally categorized as moral classic work of literature.

Hafiz’s poems are replete with predictive interpretations, revelations and announcement of unseen secrets. Revelation and prediction of the immortality in the poems are the clear examples of those aforementioned assertions. Actually, Hafiz is one of the poets in the area of Persian and World literature who mentioned immortality in his poem implicitly without any attempts for registering and collecting his poems by himself and the others. The backgrounds and factors behind his poetical intuition and revelation particularly his awareness about immortality of the poems is a considerable issue but with few attention. So, this paper with its descriptive-analytic methods aims to answer this question: what are the backgrounds and factors behind Hafiz’s revelations particularly his awareness about poem’s immortality. The findings refer to the worldviews perspectives of Monotheism-oriented schools and show that the elements of doubts in the revelations, so its reception in this world is kind of capability. Hafiz’s capability in reception of poetical revelation is one of the Hierarchy in revelation, patience and struggle againt the sufferings, Utilizing Quranic sciences as everlasting and inspiring resources, vigilance and morning prayer are the backgrounds and factors behind reception of hi poetical revelation as well as Hafiz’s awareness about priori and posteriori immortality poems’ immortality. It is also showed that the revelations are presented in different hierarchy without time an geographical limitations.

The old method of criticism in Arabic literature was based on a comparison between two poets. As a result of that criticism, it often led to the preference of the older poet. This type of criticism was not so favorable because of the differences in tastes and the criterion of criticism and it did not achieve the main purpose of criticism. Thereafter, it was attempted to create a new critique by relying on new methods of criticism based on different views and methods. This criticism continued in different periods of the history of Arabic literature (Jahilia, pre-Islamic and Umayyad and Abbasid). Until Arabic criticism reaches a point in the west of Andalusia which presented a clear movement around the boom of literature and criticism of literature at various stages. The purpose of this study is to investigate the matching criteria between the best poets and poetry to show. The purpose of this study is to examine the criterion of "matching" between the best poets and poetry to show Excellence In terms of Critics Bani Ahmar According to What are the criteria? After analyzing this research through analytical and descriptive method, it was obtained that the time cannot be a criterion of the superiority of poem or poetry but factors like the queen of mind and the beauty of art, religion and magic each can in turn be a factor in the superiority of poetry.

verses used in artist and fluent poets’ works would be impossible without care in their playfulness in using literal figures. Using speech of figures in extinction period includes nearly all the poets of the period. Among them some group has left the meaning and they have made playing with words especially using alliteration their career.Other group such as Hilli Safi al-Din have created beautiful meanings by literal and semantic figures. Our artist poet Hilli was born in Helle in 677 .He joined Bani Ortogh family in his young age and in 29 poems that has become famous with the title of Ortoghiyat he himself has named it »Dorar Al-nohoor fi Amtedah Al-malek Al-mansour«.He has preached Mansour Naj Al-Din Abolfath Ghazi .The current thesis attempts to show those literal and semantic beauties of those verses and to determine that using different various figures (which have been represented by tables and graphs)has not also dominated the meaning but beautiful meanings have appeared in beautiful words frames.

The reflection of Ibn Arabi's mystical foundations in the mystical schools after himTheoretical mysticism, as a particular epistemic system and worldview, was founded by Mohiuddin bin Arab. With the emergence of Ibn al-Arabi, a full-scale theory, both in terms of cosmological theology, and in terms of soul science and anthropology, suddenly emerges. Mohiuddin has explicitly regulated and disseminated the Sufi beliefs, which until then were implicit in the words of the Sheikhs of Tariqat. As the supreme exponent of Islamic mysticism, he had such an impact on esoteric schools and practices that there was virtually no Sufi doctrine and belief, after Ibn 'Arabi, presented in a pristine school of thought that was in no way influenced by his mystical method. This essay reflects Ibn 'Arabi's mystical elements (unity and unity, perfect man and the word, holy and sacred grace, manifestation, first intellect and reserved discipline, fixed lords, etc.) in the works of some of his commentators and followers, such as Sadr al-Din Qunawi. , Fakhroddin Araghi, Abdolrahman Jami, Sheikh Mahmoud Shabestari, Seyyed Mohammad Noorbakhsh, Shams Maghreb, Mulla Sadra Shirazi and a number of Shiite thinkers are discussed in a comparative-analytic way using library resources. The result is that Ibn Arabi, with a semantic approach and by establishing a kind of intuitive reasoning that was supported by tools such as cryptic thinking, interpretation, idiom and metaphorism, put many of the concepts of the former mysticism into a theoretical system based on the notion of "pantheism".

Outbreak school is of Persian poem schools in which pays to real love. The most important characteristics of poets of the school are as follows: reporting biography, improvisation, easy speeches, honesty in speeches, briefly explaining love and adoration with lovers' face. Being pioneer is referred to poets such as Baba Faghani Shirazi, Lesani Shirazi, and Shahidi Qomi and Vahshi Bafghi is the greatest poet. Tendency to outbreak is still continues and it even includes the poems of new poets. Among the poems, there is Mohammad Ali Bahmani. Presented research is performed with the analytic method and compared the elements of outbreak school in poems of Vahshi Bafghi and Bahmani. And he concludes that today's ghazal, unlike in the past, is formally adorned with a variety of expressive artists. The formations of Bahmani lyric poetry are: 1. Modernity in the field of language with the use of modern words and verbs 2. Use of everyday terms 3. Reflection of popular culture in poetry 4. Use of innovative and new combinations 5. Narrative expression with the help of biological and ecological experiences Poet 6. Using new images and imaginations. In addition to the formal changes, there have been changes in the field of content, which are: 1. The avalanche lover is feminine compared to the tenth-century male lover. Beloved soul along with physical beauties 4. Absence of rival and night parties in today's lyric; Apart from the above, wild and avalanche sonnets have many commonalities in other lyrical components.