نشریه علوم محیطی
سال بیستم شماره 2 (پیاپی 76، تابستان 1401)

Consumption of organophosphorus pesticides in agriculture causes many environmental problems. Water and soil pollution and disruption of the balance of natural ecosystems, the emergence of new pests and diseases, the presence of pesticide residues in agricultural products and the resulting health effects have made the consumption management of organic phosphorus pesticides an unavoidable necessity. Despite the low per capita consumption of pesticides in the country on a global scale, the unfavorable use of organophosphorus pesticides in some parts of the country, including the Northern provinces and the resulting pollution, is one of the most important environmental issues in the country. In this study, according to the EIQ (Environmental Impact Quotient), diazinon pesticide was evaluated as hazardous to the environment of the study area due to its widespread use against Chilo suppressalis in water and soil of paddy fields.

Detection of diazinon pesticide in water and soil of paddy fields in Mazandaran province was done by determining fixed stations for sampling in accordance with spraying paddy fields. A total of 50 soil and water samples were gathered for the first cultivation and 30 soil and water samples were gathered for the second cultivation and were measured by Gas Chromatography after being transferred to the laboratory. Sampling was done from late June to mid-August for the first cultivation, and from the first week of September to late October for the second cultivation of rice. Sampling was done in three seasons: spring, summer (before transplanting or during harvest) and autumn (for the second rice cultivation).

The results of measuring the target pesticide show a significant difference in the amount of diazinon in the water of the first cultivation compared to the second cultivation and the soil of the first cultivation compared to the second cultivation. Also, the average of diazinon in the water samples of the second cultivation was 7.8 times higher compared to the first cultivation and 1.66 times higher in the soil samples of the second cultivation compared to the first cultivation, which indicates high and alarming amounts of diazinon in the second rice cultivation. Stability and solubility of diazinon, as well as the environmental conditions of Mazandaran province, especially the high groundwater level, extend the life of this pesticide and consequently cause serious environmental hazards.

Sustainable use of cultivated lands with a focus on improving production efficiency and increasing crop efficiency, creating a strategic center and a single regulator in the country to manage pesticide consumption, develop general and specialized training for groups of stakeholders in the production, supply and consumption of pesticides, registration and application of pesticides based on environmental impact factor, gradual removal and replacement of high-risk pesticide diazinon and the use of new methods and technologies to deal with important pests of rice are among the most important things that should be considered as strategies and executive policies resulting from research.

Functional infrastructures act as an integrated system to support sustainable development.Therefore, it is worthwhile to use appropriate methods to evaluate the range capacities of functional infrastructures as well as the balance between them.In this paper, the FUICC Catastrophe Model (FCM) has been used to evaluate the balance between the range capacity of different functional infrastructures in the provinces of Iran.This model uses the mean analysis of variance (MVA) and disaster progression (CPM) analysis methods. Also in this paper, the Load-Carrier model is used to reflect the support level of the functional environmental infrastructure in question. Used.The studied indicators have been extracted from experimental data collected from 31 provinces of Iran by reviewing valid scientific sources in the field of functional infrastructure from 2015 to 2020 and the data used using the latest available statistics.The results of this study show that Gilan province has the highest range capacity in green space infrastructure and Tehran province has the highest range capacity in conventional functional and environmental infrastructures and also this province ranks first in the country in terms of balance between infrastructures. In relation to load-bearing analysis, it reflects the level of support for functional environmental infrastructures. Conversely, provinces such as Qom, which showed poor win-win capacity in this area, recorded good environmental environmental performance for some factors in load-bearing analysis reflecting the level of support. The result of this study indicates that there is a difference in the range capacity of functional infrastructure between the sample provinces and in some areas with factors such as political, industrial, tourist, etc. is higher than other provinces and the degree of balance between the range capacity of functional infrastructure In general, it is weak in the provinces of Iran, and also the reflection of the level of support for functional environmental infrastructure has negative fluctuations, and in general, in assessing the range capacity of functional infrastructure, there is a need for management measures.

Today, natural resources’ managers in Iran and the world pay more attention to the participation of local stakeholders and indigenous knowledge in developing the integrated management plan of wetlands. Wetland management should consider the four dimensions of wise use, sustainable management, integrated water resources management and comprehensive stakeholder participation. Stakeholders participation in decision-making process leads to reaching consensus and reduces conflicts. The purpose of this study was to present a conceptual model of participatory management of Hamoun International Wetlands with the collaboration of local stakeholders.

In this study, the opinions of 376 stakeholders living in 58 villages inside and around Hamoun International Wetlands were collected in the form of focus groups. The coding of the interviews and the presentation of the conceptual model were performed through qualitative content analysis - grounded theory - in Nvivo12 software. Reliability was calculated using the auditing method and the validity of the research was reviewed and confirmed by experts.

Data reliability was 76%, which is acceptable. Data analysis and comparison was implemented using 863 primary codes with repetition, 150 primary codes without repetition, 78 secondary codes, 20 concepts and 10 subcategories and six main categories. The results of data analysis revealed the participatory model of Hamoun International Wetlands comprised six components: comprehensive management of Hamoun Wetland, legal requirements for water supply through diplomatic relations with Afghanistan, empowerment of local stakeholders through training-consultative meetings, promotion and improvement of culture in adopting climate-friendly agricultural methods, reducing dependence on wetland through industrial and commercial development and sustainable protection of wetland environment.

The results of this study presented the different dimensions of participatory wetland management using content analysis, of help to the managers of Hamoun International Wetland in particular and the managers of other wetlands in Iran in general in designing and implementing management plans and their proper outsourcing to local stakeholders. Therefore, using content analysis, the opinions of stakeholders, especially local stakeholders, can be included in management decisions. Keywords: Participatory management, content analysis, coding, Hamoun International Wetlands.

Increasing greenhouse gases will have different effects on crop yields, so that the interaction of these effects may increase or decrease yields. Crop simulation models have been used to investigate different levels of crop and environmental managements. The aim of this study was to investigate the AquaCrop model based on past, present and future climate in Rasht city located in Guilan province to achieve maximum water productivity and rice grain yield.

In order to study the changes in rice yield, water balance and productivity in Rasht city located in Gilan province under the past, present and future climate, the AquaCrop model was used. For this purpose, long-term data (over 30 years) were used to evaluate the yield and water balance in rice cultivation in the past and present climate. Also, using LARS-WG6 software, meteorological data for the next 83 years were generated based on the available daily meteorological data. The AquaCrop model was evaluated in the past, present and future climates based on daily data of minimum and maximum temperatures, precipitation and sun hours. The studied treatments included four levels of irrigation including 55, 70, 85 and 100% of water requirement and the planting dates were April 21st, May 11st and May 31st. By examining the effect of different treatment levels based on RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 climate change scenarios, the rate of changes in grain yield, evapotranspiration and water productivity based on evapotranspiration in the past, present and future climates were investigated. Also, the best irrigation treatment and planting date were introduced to increase rice yield and reduce water consumption.

The evaluation results showed that the LARS-WG6 model is able to simulate the climatic components including temperature, precipitation and radiation with high accuracy. The results showed that the minimum and maximum temperatures increased during the climate change scenarios and the amount of radiation and precipitation decreased. The result of rice biomass and grain yield under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 showed that the highest grain and biomass yield was obtained in irrigation of 100% of water requirement and planting date on April 21st. The study of water productivity showed that irrigation treatment of 100% of water requirement and planting date of May 31st had an effective role in increasing soil water storage and reducing evapotranspiration from the soil surface. The highest water productivity in grain production based on evapotranspiration was obtained in irrigation of 100% of water requirement and planting date was May 31st.

According to the obtained results, considering the water consumption productivity and yield and problems that will exist in the future including water shortage, it seems that late cultivation of rice in conditions of water shortage is a good solution, but under conditions where there is no water shortage, early cultivation of rice, such as April 21, can increase production. The study of irrigation levels showed that grain production is the most effective factor in increasing water use productivity and the use of low irrigation levels will not play an effective role in increasing water productivity.

Air pollution and its negative effects on human health have become a major issue around the world, especially in developing countries and Iran. Contaminants such as nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and aerosols, in addition to having significant negative health consequences, cause to damage vegetation and contribute to global climate change. Therefore, the comprehensive monitoring of pollutants and, consequently, appropriate management decisions to address the issue is required. Remote sensing methods, especially Sentinel-5, the European Space Agency's most recent project (in collaboration with the Netherlands), which allows for the capture of images in various spectral bands using a TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI)sensor, are recognized as a useful tool for monitoring various types of air pollutants.-

In this analysis, the most significant air contaminants such as nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and aerosol were monitored using Sentinel-5 satellite images for 20 major industrial cities in Iran in 2019 and 2020. A large number of level-3 images collected from Google Earth Engine were used in this research. Ground-based stations were used to verify the monitoring process.-

The results show that monitoring values obtained using Sentinel-5 satellite images are at least 78 percent correlated with ground-based station values. As a result, it has been demonstrated that Sentinel-5 satellite images can be successfully used in management studies with the aim of reducing air pollution. Based on the results, it can also be inferred that, Tehran and Zanjan are respectively the most and the least polluted city in terms of total carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and dust in 2019. The same is true in 2020. It is also clear that air pollution levels in Karaj and Kermanshah increased significantly in 2020 compared to 2019. Another significant finding is that, in general, air pollution levels in 2020 are lower than in 2019. One significant explanation may be the effect of the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020, which resulted in a decrease in industrial activity and reduced traffic and congestion on the roads.-

In general, the results of this research showed that it is possible to systematically monitor the air pollutants using images captured by TROPOMI sensor on the Sentinel-5 satellite with acceptable accuracy. The results of this study can help researchers and urban managers for appropriate management in metropolitan areas.

The phenomenon of climate change can have different effects on different systems. Due to the vital role of water in human life, the study of its negative effects on the occurrence, severity and duration of drought is of particular importance. In this study, the effects of climate change on droughts on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea in future periods will be evaluated

The region under study covers three Northern provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran, and Golestan and in general, it covers 4 percent in terms of area and 12 percent in terms of population of the whole Iran. In this study, the effects of climate change on droughts on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea in future periods will be evaluated. For this purpose, precipitation data from the HadCM3-A2 general circulation model for future periods (2099-2070, 2069-2040, 2039-2010) have been scaled statistically and taking into account the uncertainty of climate fluctuations in the 20 series. At the first, daily precipitation was produced. Then the standardized precipitation index was calculated for the monitoring period and future periods. Finally, the downscaled variables of the region were compared with the observed variables and after ensuring the ability of the HadCM3 model in downscaling temperature and precipitation variables of the region, observed daily time series of precipitation and temperature and large-scale variables from HadCM3 model in the periods of 2010-2039, 2040-2069, and 2070-2099) are fed to the SDSM model.

The results obtained from the output of this index in the monitoring period and future periods with different time scales show that the intensity of drought in the coming decades will increase compared to the monitoring period. This increase is more severe for the east of the Caspian Sea, so that the intensity of the drought of the 2080s will be three times the observation period. The results indicated that climate changes result in increasing the frequency and drought severity in the studied region. Findings of the present research indicate that in spite of the existence of variability in the SPI lower than 9 months running, in longer periods of 1 to 2 year periods has increased as 25 and 23.5% in comparison with the historical period. The incompatibility of drought simulated in the future with observation period in Gorgan station with four remaining stations of the southern regions of the Caspian Sea should be noted. This situation may be due to differences in the resources of precipitation in the eastern and western coasts of the Caspian Sea and different response of two regions against the global warming. Different studies such as Alijani (1991) indicated that the Caspian Sea west coasts are more affected by the northerly flows of Siberian high pressure system than its east coasts, and in case of the establishment of the high pressure over Caspian Sea, precipitations in the west of the Caspian Sea will be higher than its eastern region. Regarding the fact that the phenomenon of global warming has resulted in weakening the Siberian high pressure system in general therefore, the degree of the reduction in precipitations in central and western regions of the Caspian Sea will be relatively higher than in its eastern regions such as Gorgan station.

Occurrence of successive droughts and increasing drought intensity in the coming decades of the southern Caspian coastal areas will reduce water resources and the region-based economy will face a more severe crisis, in which case water resources management and development of strategic irrigation document and cultivation pattern a region compatible with socio-economic and climatic trends seems absolutely necessary.

One of the main limitations in arid and semi-arid regions is the allocation of water resources for green space development. Since water and drought stresses along with incorrect selection of species are the main factors that reduce seedling survival in the afforestation stages in arid and semi-arid regions, the aim of current study is to investigate the morphological characteristics of ash, Mullberry and ash leaved maple seedlings in the greenhouse and the feild under different water stress in Robat Karim town.

Robat Karim city is one of the towns of Tehran province with area of 275 square kilometers. To study the effect of water stress on morphological characteristics 20 saplings were planted in 4 repetitons in a completely randomized design. 5 saplings of each species were selected for water stress treatments. A total of 90 saplings including 5 repetitons and three drought levels (2, 4 and 6 days after reaching MAD point) were considered and tested for the above species in greenhouse and in field. The saplings that reached the MAD point were not irrigated immediately and were subjected to 3 drought stresses 2, 4 and 6 days after reaching the MAD point. Then the quantitative appearance characteristics of seedlings which include parameters of leaf numbers, leaf size, seedlings height, stem diameter, dry leaf weight, stem dry weight along with 2 qualitative characteristics of seedlings, which are leaf freshness and seedling health, were measured.

The results showed that the number of MAD period times in the greenhouse for Fraxinus rotundifolia Mill species was 29, Acer negundo 28 and Morus alba 32 and in the field for Fraxinus rotundifolia Mill species was 20, Acer negundo 20 and Morus alba 17 period times. Generaly, in all three studied species, in May, as the first month of research, the seedlings were in a very good condition. In other months, after being under different water stress (2, 4, 6 days), the number of leaves and leaf size have always decreased over time. In case of ash leaved maple, the number of leaves in the greenhouse area in August was zero (absolute defoliation).

Generaly, by increasing water stress, leaf number, leaf size, dry leaf weight, dry stem weight, leaf freshness and saplings health reduced. It seems that 6 days after reaching MAD point is the sutiable time to irrigate the saplings according to their Morphological characteristics. Considering to the appearance of seedlings during irrigation always helps to use water efficiently, prevent over-irrigation and under-irrigation of seedlings and save the relevant costs.

In recent years, one of the most important challenges in the management of Hyrcanian forests is the continuation of the process of forests logging or its logging ban (forest respiration). Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of logging plans and forest logging ban from an economic and social perspective and to provide appropriate management strategies in this field and prioritize them as a tool to reduce these challenges.

The study is identifing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, presentation and prioritize appropriate strategies for forest logging and forest logging ban points of view social-economic in the forests under the management of Mazandaran province (Sari) using studies field and questionnaire completion. The statistical sample of the study consisted of experts and faculty members specialized in forestry field and rural communities on the margins of forests. In this study, entropy and SWOT techniques were used to data analyzes.

The results of the study identified 4 strengths, 6 weaknesses, 8 opportunities and 2 threats for forest logging and 2 strengths, 9 weaknesses, 4 opportunities and 8 threats for forest logging ban. According to the SWOT matrix results, the most important strengths and opportunities for forest logging include reducing wood smuggling and meeting the country's wood needs, and the most important weakness and threat include logging costs and nature lovers' dissatisfaction, respectively. Also, the most important strengths and opportunities of forest logging ban include increasing the economic value of forest environmental services and the tendency towards wood cultivation, and its most important weakness and threat have been the reduction of employment and the increase of wood smuggling, respectively.

According to the results of data related forest logging and forest logging ban (forest respiration) of the forests of the study area and based on analysis of QSPM matrix results, most appropriate management strategy for forest logging and forest logging ban was an offensive strategy and a defensive strategy in point of viwe an economic and social, respectively.

The plant chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) is of very important medicinal properties due to its content of active compounds such as chamazulene, alpha-bisabolol as well as alpha-bisabolol A. Considering the relevance of chamomile in various pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and hygienic industries, organic nutrition and improved absorption of mineral elements would play an important role in the raise of plant yield and essence quality. Therefore, the use of biofertilizers such as mycorrhizal-like fungi is regarded as an important issue in reduction of chemical fertilizer application and maintain crop health and the environment in nowadays agriculture (Abbaszadeh et al., 2006; Jamshidi et al., 2011). The use of the natural mineral, zeolite is one of new strategies in agricultural development for Increasing water and nutrient use efficacy, where it improves plant growth through its capacity for water preservation and supply of nutritional materials (Ahmed et al., 2010)

To study the effect of the application of the fungus Serendipita indica and the natural zeolite (Clinoptilolite) on the quantitative and qualitative yield of the German chamomile cv. Presov, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replicates was performed in the experimental field of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan during 2006-2007. The experimental factors included the fungus with two levels (either inoculation/ no inoculation) and zeolite with four levels of the application rates (tonnes per hectare): Z1 (0), Z2 (5), Z3 (10) and Z4 (15). After crop harvest performed omitting the marginal effect in a border-band of 50 cm width per plot surroundings, the traits of the number of secondary branches, the number of flowers per plant, biological yield, essence percentage, essence yield, the rate of phenolics, and flavonoids as well as the rate of antioxidant activity were determined.

The inoculation with the fungus and the lower levels of zeolite led to increased number of secondary branches and of flowers per plant. The highest rate of biological yield was obtained with 10 tonnes of zeolite per hectare, which was not statistically a significant difference from other levels of zeolite application but still meaningfully different from that in control. With the effect of fungus, the highest essence percentage was obtained with the zeolite application level of 10 tonnes per hectare, while no-inoculation of the fungus generally led to a lower essence percentage. Additionally, higher percentage of essence could be produced with lower rates of zeolite thanks to fungal inoculation. The highest rate of essence yield was yielded as the result of the inoculation of S. indica. Furthermore, the application of zeolite led to increased essence yield, so that the lowest rate of essence yield resulted in the treatment of no zeolite application. The rate of flavonoids, as well as phenolics were higher when the fungus was inoculated than in the absence of its inoculation.

Considering the results of this research, the beneficial impacts of zeolite, as well as the mycorrhiza-like fungus application are notable as an organic nutritional system in the provision of most nutrients required by the medicinal plant chamomile, and as the consequence its increase of essence percentage and yield. Moreover, the advantages of the substituent nutritional system can environmentally be considerable compared to traditional agricultural systems.

Rapid and uncontrolled expansion of cities, increased traffic, industrial enterprises and low-quality fuels, as well as urban morphology parameters and climatic conditions are among the factors affecting air pollution in urban areas. In Iran, the metropolis of Isfahan, which is the third largest urban area in the country, has increased air pollution with the extensive development of industrial enterprises, population growth and urban growth. Therefore, in order to find the factors affecting the trend of air quality changes, trend analysis and evaluation of the relationship between land use parameters, industrial development and traffic situation with air pollution indicators were studied.

In order to evaluate the trend using measured periodic data and simple correlation and regression methods of seven air pollutants including PM2.5, PM10, CO, SO2, NO, NO2 and NOX as dependent variables and meteorological parameters, type of land use, industry development and vehicles were analyzed as independent variables. Also in the computational method, SPSS software was used to test the normal distribution of data sets including the concentration of air pollutants and meteorology from 1387 to 1394, in 10 air pollution measuring stations and 3 meteorological stations in Isfahan metropolis.

The results of the study show that the average annual concentration of PM (PM10 / PM2.5), NO and CO decreases and the average annual concentration of SO2, NO2 and NOX increases. In addition, the average annual rainfall, temperature and wind speed increased while the trend of relative humidity in the study area did not change significantly. It was also found that the trend of residential, educational, commercial, public services, transportation and the number of industrial units and vehicles has increased significantly. However, the amount of agricultural land, green space and industrial areas has significantly decreased in the study area. The results of stepwise regression analysis show that changing the use of agricultural land to residential areas and increasing wind speed can be the reasons for the decreasing trend of NO, CO. And suspended particles in the study area. In addition, the increasing trend of transportation can be the most important reason for the increase in NO2 concentration. On the other hand, due to the increasing trend of NOX emissions and significant negative correlation with green space and positive correlation with transportation and industrial areas and the result of stepwise regression model, it can be concluded that reducing green space and an increase of 99.5% in the area of transportation use increases the NOX concentration in the study area. In addition, the size of utility centers increases the concentration of SO2 and there is a negative relationship between the concentration of PM2.5 and SO2 (as the concentration of SO2 increases, the concentration of PM2.5 increases).

It is noteworthy that the relationship between air quality indicators as dependent variables with independent variables in urban areas is complex and it is not clear which specific factor or parameter is the most important scenario of air pollution in an urban context. Therefore, more detailed research is needed.

The land that was influenced by mining operations especially waste dump, was increased continuously. Therefore the necessity of mine reclamation is more important than the past. Plant species selection is one of the main topics in open pit mine reclamation regarding mined land use and environmental protection.

In this research, the selection of suitable plant species regarding the environmental rehabilitation of Songun copper mine was performed. At first, suitable plant species were selected by main criteria such as post-mining land use, climatic condition, and ecological parameters of soil. Then selected species were ranked based on a completed questionnaire with experts by the combination of Analytic hierarchy process (AHP), Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique (SMARTER), and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) methods.

Suitable tree species in acidic and metallic pollutant land are Ulmus minor, Juniperus communis, Betula pendula, Robiniapseudoacacia, Acer compestre, and Rhus coriria, respectively. Native tree species such as Ficus carica, Fraxinus excelsior, and Juglans regia were selected for the alkaline region, respectively.

From the selected tree species for this region, the more successful species in reducing pollution and preventing soil erosion are preferred. Robiniapseudoacacia is not considered one of the native trees of the region. Still, because it is more successful than other trees in environmental protection, it was selected as the superior plant species for this region. Among the native species of the region, Acer campestre takes priority due to the purpose of preserving the environment.

Particulate matter is one of the main air pollutants in urban areas, which are usually produced from various sources such as urban vehicles, fossil fuels, industrial activity and cause respiratory diseases, cardiovascular disease and death, therefore, it is very important to be aware of spatial changes in this pollutant in areas with high levels of pollution. In this regard, the present study was conducted with the aim of spatio-temporal evaluation of the PM2.5 index in the period 1998 to 2016 in Khuzestan province.

For this study, in first precipitation, Land surface temperature (LST), wind speed, Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and vegetation cover parameters were prepared using four satellites Terra, Landsat 8, SRTM and GPM and ground data. Then PM2.5 index for four periods of 1998, 2004, 2010 and 2016 was extracted using satellite products for Khuzestan province. Also, information on the distribution of the population and industries of the province was received from the relevant organizations. Finally, after providing the spatio-temporal changes of PM2.5 index in Khuzestan province, the spatial changes of this index were studied with the mentioned parameters to evaluate the effect of each of these parameters on the pollution of this index.

The results of the present study in Khuzestan province showed that the southern cities of the province such as Mahshahr, Abadan and Shadegan are regions with higher potential in terms of particles smaller than 2.5 microns in size. The results of the study of population density and industries of this province showed that most of the cities in which the air pollution rate due to PM2.5 index was high, had more industries and population density. The results also showed that in all study periods, in the northern and northeastern parts of the province, the amount of air pollution caused by this index was much lower than other regions of the province and the reason for this could be the low density of industries and population of these cities, among which we can mention the cities of Lali and Indika. In addition to the direct relationship between industry and human activities in increasing and decreasing the concentration of PM2.5 index, the relationship between this index and several factors (DEM, wind speed, precipitation, temperature and vegetation cover) was investigated. The correlation results between the mentioned parameters and PM2.5 concentration showed that the highest correlation is between PM2.5 concentration and precipitation and this relationship is inverse.

Considering the mentioned cases in general, it can be said that the concentration of PM2.5 pollutants in the southern and central areas is much higher than other areas and this could be due to the high density of power plants, industries and vehicle pollution in these areas. In addition, environmental and climatic factors can play an important role in the persistence and spread of the air pollution layer of this index. It should be noted that this research can be the basis for decision-making on-air pollution management, which is especially important in the management of air pollution crises.

Numerous studies have shown that agricultural soil quality evaluation is essential for economic success of agricultural products and environmental stability in rapidly developing regions. Changes in soil quality characteristics are usually controlled by intrinsic factors such as climate, parent rock and time and dynamic factors (Managerial).For this purpose, evaluation of parameters of soil quality plays an important role in assessing the land management and sustainability of production agricultural systems. The present investigation was undertaken to identify sensivity soil quality parameters against to changes of soil type(foure soil orders inculded, Entisol, Inceptisol, Aridisol and Molisol) and land use(Three land use included, pastureland, forest and agriculture) along a north-south transect with different heat and humidity regimes.

The present study was performed in lands of Miami city in Semnan province. The 215 soil samples collection were done in both natural lands (forest and pastureland) and closest from agricultural lands in three different regions along a north-south transect from 0-30 cm depth and in total of 13 soil parameters including physical, chemical and microbiological properties(EC, pH, O.C, T.N.V, CEC, Urease, Betaglocsidase, phosphatase enzymes, Microbial Biomass Carbon, MWD, BD) were determined. Then, in order to determine the effect of land use change and soil type on the studied soil parameters, the statistical methods of principal component analysis (PCA), factor analysis (FA) and regression were used.

The results showed that most of the chemical, physical and biological properties of soil in the northern lands are better than the southern ones due to changes in humidity and temperature regimes (more rainfall and lower temperatures). The trend of the coefficient of variation of most soil features in the three areas studied along the transect shows that the coefficient of variation of most of the studied features is influenced by climate and the coefficient of variation of most parameters has decreased from south to north, which is probably due to the buffer effects of soil organic carbon in the northern regions. Also the results of PCA and FA analysis showed that organic carbon , betaglucosidase enzyme , microbial biomass carbon , MWD and microbial biomass carbon/ organic carbon had higher weight than other soil quality parameters in all of the regions. Also the results of the statistical method of regression study showed, two factors of land use change and soil type can predict more than 55% changes in most soil quality parameters and the total of 14 properties have been investigated , 10 characteristics were relatively controlled by land use type and 4 characteristics by soil type.

Overall, the results of this study showed that the two factors of land use change and soil category, except for electrical conductivity, soil reaction, absorbable potassium, cation exchange capacity, and calcium carbonate equivalent, have the greatest effect on changes in soil quality characteristics and physical and biological of soil affected by land use change and chemical properties were affected by soil typ therefore, in order to study the effects of management changes on soil quality attributes , biological and physical parameters are more suitable in the short term.

The sludge produced in the oil refinery is very harmful due to the significant volume and complexity of the compounds, and its reasonable disposal is very important for environmental protection and sustainable development. During the effluent treatment process in the oil refinery, contaminated industrial sludge containing toxic substances is produced, which contains poly-aromatic hydrocarbon compounds and is classified in the group of hazardous wastes.

In this study, the life cycle evaluation of disposal methods in two scenarios of landfill and incineration on industrial sludge of oil refinery in Iran has been investigated. Regarding, using life cycle assessment software, openLCA with CML-Baseline Impact Assessment Model, different environmental impact categories are examined and using weighting and dimensionless method of each effect class in the two defined scenarios, the best scenario has been identified in terms of the environment.

The results from 11 categories including acidification, climate change, reduction of Abiotic, in two parts of fossil fuels and factors affecting final reserves, toxicity in three parts (drinking water, seawater, and soil toxicity), Eutrophication, Human toxicity, ozone Layer depletion, and photochemical oxidation have been evaluated. The results show that the least environmental effects on human health indicators and plant species are related to the landfill scenario. The sludge incineration scenario, which is sent directly to the incinerator, has been selected as a worse scenario with the highest emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen oxides into the environment.

The results of dimensionlessness in the two studied scenarios showed that Scenario 1 (Landfill) with a value of 2.94 × 10 -6 and Scenario 2 (waste incineration) with a number of 5.42 × 10 -6 the least destructive effect on the environment, respectively.