نشریه دانش زیستی ایران
سال شانزدهم شماره 3 (پاییز 1400)

One of the most important issues in the use of plants in medicine and nutrition, in addition to knowing the scientific names, their native and local names are also of special importance so that researchers can easily access the indigenous knowledge of different ethnic groups. Therefore, it is important to know local names as part of social linguistic data. This type of study is a type of linguistic study that is known as a cultural subject that is closely related to social relations. It is a community that speaks that language. One of the important factors in local dialects is the names of plants including grasses, trees and shrubs. Different provinces of Iran have different subcultures as well as a variety of different dialects and dialects that sometimes have a common origin and in some cases are directly related to each other. In this study, we tried to record the local names of plants by referring to reliable sources. After reviewing more than 1500 local names in different parts of the country for plants were collected. In this article, 246 local names for trees in different provinces, which are mainly names used in different dialects, are presented.

The emergence of some mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) can increase the spread and pathogenicity due to the conformational changes and increase the stability of Spike protein. Due to the formation of different strains of SARS-CoV-2 by mutations, and their catastrophic effect on public health, the study of the effect of mutations by scientists and researchers around the world is inevitable. According to available evidence, the S494P variant is observed in several SARS-CoV-2 strains from Michigan, USA. To investigate how the S494P natural mutation alters receptor binding affinity in RBD, we performed structural analysis of wild-type and mutant spike proteins using some bioinformatics and computational tools. The results show that S494P mutation increases the spike protein stability. Also, applying docking by HADDOCK displayed higher binding affinity to hACE2 for mutant spike than wild type possibly due to the increased β-strand and Turn secondary structures which increases surface accessibly surface area (SASA) and the chance of interaction. The analysis of S494P as a critical RBD mutation may provide the continuing surveillance of spike mutations to aid in the development of COVID-19 drugs and vaccines.

Today, microorganisms have become resistant to drugs by causing genetic mutations. The aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic resistance of gram-negative bacteria isolated from urine culture in the laboratory of Savadkuh city. The cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on gram-negative bacteria isolated from urinary tract infections in Savadkuh laboratory. Bacterial isolates were identified by microscopic examination, morphology and biochemical tests. Fifty samples of gram-negative bacteria causing urinary tract infections were isolated from 5 cases (10%) of men and 45 cases (90%) of women. According to the study, the two most common gram-negative bacteria in urinary tract infections are based on the percentage of infectivity in this study, which include: E.Coli (62%), and Klebsiella (30%) and other gram-negative (8%), They were isolated from urine samples. According to the antibiogram test, the most cases of resistance were related to the antibiotics ampicillin, nalidixic acid and cefazolin, respectively. On the other hand, the most sensitive drugs are nitrofurantoin, sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim and ciprofloxacin, respectively.

Currently, the environmental management of wastewater sludge is a major challenge in environmental engineering. New effective solutions for wastewater treatment lead to improved final effluent quality but significantly increase the volume of wastewater sludge produced. This study investigated the environmental management status of the sewage sludge of the sanitary treatment plant of the Mahmoudabad Cultural, Recreational, and Sports Complex affiliated to the National Oil Company to produce compost and compare it for replacement with conventional chemical fertilizers.The present study is descriptive-cross-sectional. The required sludge was prepared from the sludge dryer beds of the wastewater treatment plant of Mahmoudabad Cultural, Recreational, and Sports Complex, and the method used was aerobic sludge compost by the wind. Windrow size was 1/2 m high, 1.5 m wide, and 2.5 m long and was performed in 3 stages of 20 days.This study showed that the percentage of organic matter in the compost obtained from the municipal sewage sludge of Mahmoud Abad is of good quality. Changes in temperature, pH, percentage of carbon and nitrogen in the samples were in the acceptable range. Considering the environmental conditions and nutritional needs of plants, it can be said that bio fertilizers and especially compost from wastewater treatment, can play a positive role in plant growth and yield under drought stress.

Plant Associated Bacteria are one of the most important elements of plant ecosystems. These bacteria live internally (endophytes) or externally (epiphytes) in different plants organs and have various effects on the life cycle of plants. These bacteria are constantly exposed to different antibacterial compounds which are secreted from plants and other epiphytic microorganisms in their natural habitat. Plant-associated bacteria deal with these toxic compounds in a variety of ways, one of which is the use of efflux systems. An active efflux mechanism is responsible for the transportation of antibacterial compounds out of the cell. This process is associated with energy consumption which is provided from ATP hydrolysis or electrochemical gradient. These pumps are protein vectors that express from chromosome or plasmid and not only have critical rule in drug resistance, also have other physiological proceeds. The rule of efflux systems in plant-associated bacteria and their relation with transcription regulatory are discuss in this article.

Cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co3O4 NPs) are one of the most widely used magnetic NPs in various industries and their interactions with the environment are predictable. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of Co3O4 NPs on leaf structure and ultrastructure of canola. Seeds were sown in pots under greenhouse conditions and after two weeks, seedlings were treated with Co3O4 NPs (0 and 4000 μg/mL) by leaf spray for five weeks. Then, leaf morphological changes were measured. Also, sampling from control leaf and NPs treatment were performed to investigate structural and ultrastructural changes. Tissue preparation was performed and samples were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Morphological changes including reduction in the length, width and area of leaf of canola treated with Co3O4 NPs were observed. Also, ultrastructural changes of canola leaf mesophilic cells treated with Co3O4 NPs including reduction of chloroplasts number and their swelling, accumulation and deposition of NPs in vacuoles and cell walls, observation of protein bodies, increase in the size of plastoglobules and starch grains in chloroplasts were observed. In addition, the results of cobalt elemental assay by methods of inductive coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), in line with TEM results, showed the uptake and accumulation of Co3O4 NPs in canola leaves. Ultrastructural damage in TEM results indicated the toxicity of high concentration of Co3O4 NPs at the cellular level. Therefore, potential of hazardous effects of Co3O4 NPs on other crops and environment should be considered.