پژوهشنامه نقد ادب عربی
سال یازدهم شماره 23 (پاییز و زمستان 1400)

Sociology of text is a branch of the social approach of literary criticism that occurred in the twentieth century. While relying on the literary text, the sociology of text seeks to fill the gaps that the audience encounter in the literary work and its relation to society, whether in the cultural, social, or political spheres. The new novel, especially the realistic one, illustrates and immortalizes the pains and crises that human beings suffer from and face over time. Khan al-Khalili is one of Najib Mahfouz's most famous realistic novels, depicting his life and social reality, as well as the cultural and political aspects of the Egyptian nation during the First and Second World Wars. Since this novel is valuable as a book full of historical and sociological information and helps the reader to get a general idea about those lived conditions, this paper aims at using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on the social nature of criticism and analysis to study its text. Reading narrative voices, an ideological discourse of the characters, and studying the obvious settings of the novel are important topics investigated in this article. One of the most important results is that the different voices and ideas in the novel are sometimes similar, sometimes contradictory, and sometimes reach that point of ambiguity which indicates the disorder and chaos in Egyptian society and social, cultural, and political systems. Moreover, the novel Khan al-Khalili did not take anything away from the social life of that period and it can be said: the aesthetics of this novel lies in the way of expressing problems, crises, and lived realities while preserving its literary aspects at the same time.

in consideration of cognitive semantics, Metaphor is Not limited to language and vocabulary it finds a pervasive meaning and is expressed as a conceptual metaphor Where one conceptual domain is understood based on another conceptual domain in conceptual metaphor, Many abstract concepts find order through metaphorical adaptation of information and transfer of knowledge and available to the reader a wide range of concepts with a new expression. One of the most important religious teachings of the holy Quran conceptualized abstract concepts with metaphorical structure, is a matter of embodying actions and can Show to the reader review the verses related to it the hidden angles of the content and the correspondences and highlights in it. This article is a descriptive-analytical method and with a cognitive approach examined conceptual metaphors in those verses indicate the embodiment of deeds explicitly which corresponds to metaphorical patterns by Lycaf and Johnson and Based on the classification of objective and subjective metaphors and achieved in three areas; foundation structure, the object of the foundation and the living thing of the foundation. the results that represent the above verses with areas of origin, commodity, scattered dust, shackles and with metaphorical expressions such as, action is a commodity, the action of the criminals are scattered dust, the action of the disbelievers is shackles and... caused concepts in them transferred to the reader more tangible and understandable.

Speech production is associated with two characteristics: "condensation" and "expansion". condensation is one of the most-used industries in the Qur'an, which is one of the most-used industries in the Qur'an. transmitting this verbal technique to the target language will not convey the message contained in the original text and will make it difficult for the recipient to receive the message. Because of this, the present article intends to examine the verses of Surah Anfal and Tawbah with the divine translation of Ghomshei and Rezaei Isfahani and to test the translators' performance in translating compact positions. For this purpose, 6 items of compression positions were selected, which are: 1. Concepts and terms 2. Explanation of general word 3. Expression of personal references 4. Explanation of relative pronoun 5. Paying attention to the context of verse 6. Expanding the compression resulting from the allusions. Finally, after reviewing the samples, it was found that translators have used most of the reference cataphoric to expand. It should also be noted that the strategy of extension in Ghomshei translation is higher than other translators, and Rezaei has used this strategy with caution. Yet, with an interpretive view of translation, Ghomshei does not distinguish between translation and interpretation, and with a lot of elaboration in unnecessary cases, has caused the audience to stay away from the main content of the speech

Among the syntactic views on the words' diacritic factor, there are two well-known theories called verbal and semantic theories. But other views also could be extracted in their works. the theory of Ta’liq, which originates from the views of Abdul Qahir Jorjani, is of particular importance. The strength of his view lies in scrutinizing syntactic issues as well as in transcending the theory of Ta’liq from the realm of syntactic correctness to technical and expressive realm; A view that relies on the complete correspondence of the relation of the words to each other with the intention of the speaker. The purpose of this study, in addition to introducing a variety of perspectives on the theory of agent and derivateive, is to interpret the theory of agent and derivative in the light of Jorjani’s theory of poetry, or rather, the Ta’liq theory. This study, using the descriptive analytical and research library method, first has extracted different views about agent and derivative, expressing the weaknesses of each theory; Then it has interpreted agent and derivative based on the theory of poetry and showed its weaknesses. Subsequently, the strength of this phenomenon in comparison with other common theories has been shown. In the end, we have concluded that, in addition to the two well-known verbal and semantic theories, other theories can be extracted from literature. But Abdul Qahir Jorjani's theory of Ta’ligh is more powerful than other common theories because it emphasizes the speaker's intention to relation of the sentence components together.

Tajziyah-al-Amsar Va Tazjiyah-al-A’sar, known as Tarikh-al-Wassaf, is considered to be one of the prominent instances of Persian figurative prose. This work is authored by Sharaf-al-Din (also remembered as Shahab-al-Din) Shirazi (ca. 730) who is known as Wassaf-al-Hizrah. This book has observed the unwritten but prevalent principle of the authors and historians of the twelfth century, and therefore, referred and alluded to verses from the Holy Quran, the Hadith, and Arabic poems and proverbs. This book’s allusions, references and utilizations to the Hadith for supporting its arguments are unique. Due to these allusions and references, readers of this work – and in general those who study figurative prose – need to have a fairly good knowledge of the Hadith so that they can acknowledge the work’s verity in utilizing these references and allusions. The present study will distinguish authentic instances of the Hadith from the inauthentic and the fabricated in its bibliographic analysis of the work, and by doing this, give readers of Tarikh-al-Wassaf a better comprehension of the text. The study’s results indicate that while most instances of the Hadith in this work have solid roots in authentic Shia and Sunni religious sources, there are instances which do not have proper bibliographic support despite the author’s vehement insistence on their authenticity

The subject of women and their rights and related issues are among the topics that have been considered by modern thinkers and thinkers; Although the defense of women's rights dates back centuries, this issue is still new in cultural and social circles. Discussions about women's rights often revolve around equality with men at all individual and social levels, as well as their freedom from all social and individual constraints. Mohammad Baradeh (1987) is a Moroccan novelist who deals with the problems of his society in his novels. Among his important novels in this field is the novel Emreaat el-Nesian, which is the subject of the present study. The present study is based on a descriptive-analytical method on the subject of women and their rights in the novel. Some results state that the author has tried to express his miserable view of women in Moroccan society through the words of F. B offer; The woman loses her identity and suffers from inner suffering and unhappiness. The author depicts the conflict between contemporary and traditional women for the reader, as it depicts divorce and the pain of a divorced woman because divorce is scary for women and people consider divorce a title for prostitution in society. The separation of a woman from a man makes her a prostitute in society and the eyes of family members. Thus, the author defends women's rights and freedoms and criticizes homosexuality as well as the existence of injustice and violence in Moroccan patriarchal society.

Knowing the style and language of each work will help a lot in understanding the themes of that work, especially when the work is studied as poetry because the language of poetry in most cases goes beyond the standard form. Safi al-Din Hali is one of the greatest poets of the period of decline and the praise of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) has a special place in his divan. Hali rhyme poem with 50 verses is one of the poet's prophetic praises that begins with the subject of the birth of the Prophet and the expression of the server of existence from this blessed event and the poet introduces the birth of the Prophet as the end of the tyranny of tyranny and the beginning of the overthrow of tyranny. And then expresses the virtues of the Prophet and praises him. The present article intends to study and analyze one of his prophetic praises in three phonetic, syntactic, and rhetorical-semantic layers through a descriptive-analytical method and the stylistic perspective, by discovering the stylistic and linguistic nuances of this poem and its role in creating meaning, to show how much the poet in the form of this poetic structure has been able to show his devotion, love, and affection for the sacred field of the Prophet. The results of the article indicate that the poet has used a lot of puns to beautify the verses and increase the musical load of the ode. In the field of syntax, the frequency of using current sentences and news sentences is much higher than noun and essay sentences, and the division of phonetic sections is one of the stylistic features of Madhiyeh's study. In the field of rhetoric-semantics, the two elements of simile and metaphor have a very high frequency. The style used in this poem has served the dynamics of poetic discourse well and has been successful in depicting the poet's emotion and feeling towards the Prophet.

Sociology of text is a branch of the social approach of literary criticism that occurred in the twentieth century. While relying on the literary text, the sociology of text seeks to fill the gaps that the audience encounter in the literary work and its relation to society, whether in the cultural, social, or political spheres. The new novel, especially the realistic one, illustrates and immortalizes the pains and crises that human beings suffer from and face over time. Khan al-Khalili is one of Najib Mahfouz's most famous realistic novels, depicting his life and social reality, as well as the cultural and political aspects of the Egyptian nation during the First and Second World Wars. Since this novel is valuable as a book full of historical and sociological information and helps the reader to get a general idea about those lived conditions, this paper aims at using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on the social nature of criticism and analysis to study its text. Reading narrative voices, an ideological discourse of the characters, and studying the obvious settings of the novel are important topics investigated in this article. One of the most important results is that the different voices and ideas in the novel are sometimes similar, sometimes contradictory, and sometimes reach that point of ambiguity which indicates the disorder and chaos in Egyptian society and social, cultural, and political systems. Moreover, the novel Khan al-Khalili did not take anything away from the social life of that period and it can be said: the aesthetics of this novel lies in the way of expressing problems, crises, and lived realities while preserving its literary aspects at the same time.

Taha Hussein the contemporary Arab writer and critic is considered one of the pioneers of the renaissance of transformation in Egypt and occupied a prominent place in contemporary Arabic literature. He wrote many social and historical monuments, and because of the inseparability of the Holy Qur’an, he was influenced by his style, and we find the manifestations of this influence in the style of his writing in his some works, this made his narrative style more active, lively and rhythmic. His collection of stories entitled “The tortured on earth” is considered one of the books in which the quotation from the contents and structure of the Qur’an appears, and those who contemplate the style of this group find the Qur’anic character in it. This study, according to the theory of intertextuality, aims to study the extent to which the “tortured on earth” group is affected by the Holy Qur’an. And explaining the structural similarities between it and the Noble Qur’an, through the descriptive and analytical approach. Among the most important findings of the research are: A) The aspects of this influence are represented in the quotation of vocabulary from the Noble Qur’an, the similarity with the Qur’anic commas, the style of long Qur’anic verses, and the similarity with the styles contained in the Qur’anic verses. b) The features of the Qur’anic intertextuality appear in this book in the type of partial negation and also more in the type of general negation or dialogue, which is more effective and creative

Sociological criticism examines the relationship between a literary work and society and their interplay. Whereas the literary text, as a meaningful whole, establishes a dialectical relationship with society, history, politics, and economics; So, the sociological study of literary texts requires a method that can explain the relationship between the construction and content of the literary work and the social structure. Thus, the present study intends to use the method of qualitative content analysis to criticize the structure of a literary work and its most basic elements including theme, worldview, the hero character in the novel " Return to Deportation "(Based on the Developmental Constructivism Theory) and then important infrastructure of Egypt society at the time of Egyptian author, Abu al-Muati Abu al-Naja. This novel was based on Goldman's developmental constructivist theory at two levels of perception and interpretation. The results of the research show that Abu al-Muati, by theme depicting political corruption, class distance, social oppression, and economic poverty, has provided the ground for discovering the relationship between the structure of his literary work and the structure of Egyptian society in the period 1859-1877. The author's worldview is also reflected in the collective consciousness of the middle class, which the problematic hero of this collective consciousness has led to possible consciousness. On the other hand, in the interpretation stage, to make the literary text comprehensible, the relationship between the literary work and social, political, and economic structures was explained. And this indicates that there is harmony and accommodation between the meaningful structure of Abu al-Muati's novel with the political, social, and economic structure of Egyptian society in the foregoing period

If the media creates new terms, they will add many words to the dictionary of people's lives, including foreign and slang words. There is no doubt that the press has a large share of the influence of geography and is distinguished by its regional characteristics. The present study intends to examine two categories of newspapers in Arabic countries that have a traditional and modern approach country far from the West, such as Saudi Arabia, Libya, and Jordan, have a traditional view, and newspapers with a new, pro-Western approach such as Algeria, Tunisia, and Palestine and Lebanon. The importance of this research is to find the deconstructions in the news texts and provide them to other researchers to force the media to enrich the capacities of the Arabic language and take advantage of all the possibilities of this language, the grounds for the growth and development of the Arabic press. Provide. The results of this study show that the language of newspapers that have a tendency to traditional style and standard language and are geographically far from Western countries, unlike modern newspapers in Arab countries that are spatially close to Western countries. The more, the fewer syntactic errors are seen in them, and also the desire for slang words and foreign style is less expressed in them. The research findings indicate that the influence of countries such as Algeria, Tunisia, and Sudan from Western countries is a product of their geographical proximity to the West.

Romanticism, imagination and dreaming, looking insight, sadness, love, and individualism can be considered as the fundamental elements of romanticism. Thus if a romance writer with all the above-mentioned features wants to pay attention to matters such as environment, society, nation, country, and people, a new branch in romanticism as social romanticism will be created. Arabic literature as a dynamic field in the world literature always has experienced a variety of changes through different periods. Also in the current era keep up with the changes of the world and with a bit of delay received the instructions of romanticism school. The elements of romanticism remain in the fiction till now, to declare social concept, so we can consider Ahlam Mostaghanemi as pioneers of this literary school. “Body memory” is one of the most successful stories of this Algerian female writer. This study uses an analysis - documentary method to check and analyze the elements of social romanticism in “Body memory”. Mostaghanemi as a contemporary intellectual used the framework of romanticism and new methods of fiction such as settings, characters, choosing a smart point of view to express all those pains and concerns which belong to her and society in this novel to an audience. She illustrated nationalism, social and political issues, inequality, the corruption in the ruling political system of Algeria, and disappointment in the next generation of revolution in the “Body memory” novel with the rich and romantic images and descriptions and since she expresses all these elements to an audience in a romantic narration, we can consider “Body memory” as an ideal example of a combination of sense and society.