فصلنامه انتظار موعود
سال بیست و یکم شماره 73 (تابستان 1400)

One of the most effective areas affecting the education system of Shiite communities is benefiting from the “doctrine of awaiting”, as one of the belief teachings and fundamental principles that can influence the guidance and growth of the scientific community. Among the ethical functions of the creed of awaiting in the atmosphere of education are the three cognitive, tendency and functional components of rationalism, kindness tendencies and justice orientations. Considering the fact that these three elements are concealed in the context of the desired appearance and awaiting and on the other hand, advanced and transcendent educational systems are indebted to these three important areas of ethics; analyzing the functions of these three components as the goals of teaching can make the educational system dynamic, capable and education-oriented and achieve the goals of Islamic society at the level of knowledge and action. In this article, based on the descriptive-analytical method and by modeling the optimal situation of the educational system of Mahdavi government, the current situation of the educational system is organized in the best way and in accordance with the goals of each cognitive, orientation and functional areas, maximum use and consistency with the target community. The most important achievement of such review is the realization of the transcendental goals of purification and Devine training the result of which is Devine prosperity and closeness.

A group of Islamic apocalyptic narrations have mentioned a person named "Ibn Sayyad". Narrators and scholars have debated whether Ibn Sayyid would be the Antichrist or not from the past to the present. David Cook, one of the apocalyptic Islamic scholars, has considered the narrations about Ibn Sayyad as a sub-cycle of the narrations of the Antichrist and by the method of dating based on being found in the hadith collections has concluded that the history of these narrations should be in the second half of the third century AH. Using all methods of Orientalist historiography, including dating based on the oldest source, document and text-document, this study analyzes and criticizes Cook's historiography on these narrations and examines Cook's view on Ibn Sayyid being the antichrist by examining historical and narrative reports. As a result, Cook's method of historiography is not effective for the most frequent narrations about Ibn Sayyid, and in the study of history and narration, it was determined that Ibn Assyad is not the Antichrist, assuming his historical existence.

"Study of deviant movements of Mahdism" is one of the great and thought-provoking questions in the field of Mahdism studies. Despite the pervasive approach to the issue of deviations in the field of Mahdism, there is little research on the grounds of inclination to these movements. The reviews in this article are a prelude to answering the question of what are the psychological grounds for accepting the false claims of Mahdism. Knowing these areas and trying to fill the existing gaps paving the ground for it are among the necessities to address this issue. It is also possible to avoid the numerous numbers of negative consequences on beliefs, such as sectarianism, wasting the capacities of the Shiite community and destroying the salvific idea of Mahdism. The following article, with descriptive-analytical method with reference to written, published and unwritten sources such as audio, video files and court cases of some false claimants of Mahdavi, seeks to represent some areas of psychology affecting the false claim of Mahdism. The results of analyzing and combining the collected data show that some areas exist among the disciples, such as "low self-esteem", "simplification" and "motivation for the progress of the disciples", "power-seeking" and "personality disorder". Some followers influence the establishment of platforms for attracting claimants; and these are in addition to factors such as "effective communication and charismatic personality of the claimant,” which, in itself, is very effective in this process of discipleship and disciple-training.

"False christianity" threatens the faith in the promised like a nightmare. The institution of religion has always faced the threat of the emergence of movements claiming to be Messiah and has often been referred to as deviant and heretical movements. Entering the new world, the false Christian movements became the subject of interest of humanities thinkers, especially sociologists, because of the influence they had over social formulations. This article has tried to show what the most important reasons for the emergence of false Christs in their view, referring to the literature produced by a number of sociologists in this field. The approach of this article is qualitative and exploratory and by analyzing the customary content of the presented theories, it has regulated the factors of the emergence of false Christs from the perspective of thinkers. Based on what is concluded, these factors can be divided into three categories: "determining factors", "effective factors" and "accelerator factors". In this study, social disorder has been introduced as a determining factor and also system inefficiency, public dissatisfaction, lack of government, mass disorder, failure to achieve collective ideals, value transition, value differentiation, and pervasive challenges have been introduced as influential factors.

"Mahdism" is one of the Islamic beliefs which has its roots in the narrations of the Prophet (pbuh). Most Sunnis believe that the Mahdi promised in successive narrations has not yet been born and is not a specific person; rather, everyone from the generation of the Prophet (pbuh) and from the children of Hazrat Zahra (a.s) who can rise to justice can be an example of the Mahdi. This approach is called "a typical Mahdism". In this regard, other aspects of the issue of Mahdism have been ignored in the words of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him); like the necessity of having a living proof on earth at any time and the necessity of knowing and recognizing the objective example of the Imam of the Age (a,s), the example of which in the words of the Prophet (a.s) is mentioned as the ninth child of the generation of Imam Hussein (a.s). This descriptive-analytical study examines and criticizes the approach of "typical Mahdism" in contemporary Sunnis and shows that their claims and reasons are distorted based on their own accepted principles and their approach is based more on religious prejudices rather than scientific research.

The inscriptions attributed to Imam al-Asr (as) all belong to the period of minor occultation. In the meantime, two or three inscriptions attributed to Sheikh Mufid, dated 410 and 412 AH, have been reported in the copy of the book Al-Ihtijaj attributed to Tabarsi, which are related to the era of greater occultation. Some thinkers have been skeptical of their attribution and validity. On the other hand, new research shows that these inscriptions from the Imam of the Age (a.s) for the Sheikh Mufid. Due to the lack of attribution and validity of the inscriptions attributed to Sheikh Mufid written to Imam of the Age (a.s), the question arises that if these inscriptions in the book of Al-Ihtijaj are not from the Imam of the Time (a.s) to the sheikh, whom are they for? How can these letters be cited to someone else? Or what are the reasons and evidences to show that these petitions belong to a certain person? The present study, mentioning a preliminary introduction, deals with the evidences that show that these inscriptions are most likely the letters exchanged between Nasser Kabir Atroush and Ibn Numan, the ruler of Sariyeh Tabarestan, which are related to the sedition of Hassan ibn Qasim, and the assistance of Lily ibn Nu'man to the return of Nasser al-Lahaq to the government.