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سال نوزدهم شماره 109 (تیر 1401)

ThoughNajm Al-Mulk is better known for his scientific character and experience in various sciences, his practical actions related to roads and buildings have not received much attention. However, one of his most important civil works, whose essential part is documented and available, was carried out during his two trips to Khuzestan and the renovation of Khorramabad-Dezful road.The ignorance of this important historical road in past studies has doubled the neglect of his role in this path. This matter has encouraged some researchers to attribute many of the important works to his travels to other historical periods. This research seeks to answer the question that What measures, including improving the road and creating the necessary buildings and fortification, were taken to increase the quality of Khorramabad-Dezful road by Najm Al-Mulk? What effect did all these measures have on the quality and transportation of this route?

This research attempts to examine the civil plans and measures of Najm Al-Mulkfor renovating Khorramabad-Dezful road and explain its consequences.

This research is a qualitativesystematic literature review using historical interpretive analysis.Data includes historical documents and maps in travelogues, books, articles, reports, and archives, some of which have been published for the first time.

The results showed that Najm Al-Mulk’s plans and their implementation significantly improved the quality of the roadbed, especially in its critical points. On the other hand, with designing new caravanserais (inns) based on modern spatial needs, he played a significant role in changing the type of these buildings in this region, which are quite different from what existed before, especially in the Safavid period.These measures provided the conditions for a safe and secure passage of this route, which was lost due to the disturbances of the last years of the Qajar period.

 With respect to the multidisciplinary nature of architectural conservationbeing underlined in the international charters, a proper roleof an architect, one of the specialists contributing to this profession, has a positive impact on the success of conservation measures. However, after the introduction of the scientific conservation concepts in Iran, the performance of the architect in this profession became relatively weak compared to what was expected from this expertise in architectural conservation. It seems that determinants in contemporary conservation paradigms have weakened this performance.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of paradigm changes in architectural conservation in Iran on the performance of the architectafter the introduction of scientific conservation.

This research employshistorical and causal methods, which are among the subcategories of qualitative research.

In the traditional conservation period in Iran, the prevailing paradigm prioritizing social ideals required cultural performance from the architects that is their main task in conservation.  However, withthe introduction of scientific conservation and the superiority of other ideals in the dominant paradigm, social values were neglected, and the need for the architect’s cultural performance was eliminated.The long persistence of this paradigm weakened this ability of the architect. Despitethe introduction of the culturalist paradigm since the beginning of the last decade of the 20th century, the majority of the architectural scientific community has not yet been able to perform their cultural role, and this paradigm has not been established. However, due to the efforts of a small group of architects in approachingthe culturalist paradigm, the present era can be considered a period of transition. In the current conditions, a more serious definition of the architect’s position in the field of conservation, training of architects for cultural performance, and proper use of these abilities will play an effective role in the coordination of the majority of architects with the few pioneer architects and establishment of the culturalist paradigm.

 Air pollution is one of the major challenges of urban management in Tehran. Nowadays, the problem of air pollution and traffic congestion in the metropolis of Tehran, like most major cities in the world, is quite concerning. Land use and transportation are two main sectors that have a maximum contribution to environmental pollution.

The impetus of this article is to investigate the urban land use efficiency, the distribution of land use, and their impact on transportation and pollutants. For this purpose, the following question was raised: What has been the impact of urban land-use efficiency and distribution of land use in Tehran on transportation and air pollution over the last two decades?

The present paper is a real-life case study for which data was collected through documentary-library, municipal data, and satellite images. In this study, Landsat satellite images, ENVI 5.3, ArcGIS 10.8, Google Earth Pro, and SPSS 24 were used.

The results of this study indicate the expansion of Tehran, the loss of vegetation,and their transformation into built lands. Over the past two decades, the growth of the built-up area in Tehranhas exceeded the population growth which indicates the inefficiency of the land during this period. In other words, the expansion of the city has been more towards the suburbs with low population density. The study of the correlation between land use types during the period 2004-2016 indicates the scattered growth of Tehran. In such situations, residents use more private cars, which increases traffic congestion, fuel consumption, and air pollution.

 The border of a rug asa frame of decorative systemsisindependent of its context and is a result of repeating a set of motifs with considerable visual capacities. The stable presence of borders with distinctive features in Safavid rugs can indicate the styles which define the context of each region’s productions. Therefore, the differences of borders in any of the weaving regions can be considered as the product identifier. In this regard, two questions have been answered; What styles do the decorative elements of 10th-century rugs represent in productions of different regions? How doesthe cultural-artistic situation of the weaving areas relate to the dominant styles on the borders of the rugs?

This study attempts to fill the gap onthe classification of rugs based on their borders. The main purpose of this study is to present the stylistic analysisof the rugs in the 10thAHcentury based on the borders’ differences to present the patterns of the original borderof each region to contemporary designers,who deal with regional rug designs.

This is qualitative research using structural content analysis based on library and Internet data. Fifty-seven Safavid rugs belonging to the 10th century (the period of Shah Ismail and Shah Tahmasb kingdoms) were selected from documentary sources in a purposeful and non-random manner. Based on the most frequent linear structures extracted from the borders (thirty-eight samples), the styles in association with them were defined.

By analyzing the visual systems governing the borders of the rugs, the dominant styles were introduced based on the dominant motifs (floral arabesque, cloudband arabesque, and animal fights) and dominant composition Ghalamdani, Pictorial,and Mayegan Herati). The continuity of a decorative motif or structure with various forms in the productions of different regions reinforced the idea that visual systems are identifiers influenced by the cultural backgrounds (religion, politics, and art) of the regions in which the art product has been developed.

 To observe social conditions and situations in everyday life, photography has been actively and efficiently substituted by inactive visualization, as it has made it possible to consciously observe the daily events and analyze them through photographs. The interpretation and analysis of photographs related to human daily life requires methods that can lead to a better understanding of people’s beliefs and daily interactions. Such methods should be informed by the context and socio-historical structure of population issues.Hermeneutics is the knowledge of interpretation and hereupon, a hermeneutic analysis of photography facilitates studying target photographs with social themes and interpreting theirimplicit meanings based on the characteristics of linguistics, population interventions, intents and intentions, and also those social rules governing the creation of the photographs.The hermeneutics of photography means the interpretation and explanation of photographs within their socio-cultural context by an interpreter who has gained prior knowledge of the context by applying the effective factors of hermeneutic interpretation.

Basically, in hermeneutics, the way of understanding is under question, and so in addressing the photographic categories, hermeneutics deals with “the way of analytically understanding photo”. Therefore, the purpose of the hermeneutic analysis is to 1) identify the factors influencing the process of perceiving photography, 2) to explain the background conditions for this comprehension, 3) to determine the characteristics of the analytical context for the correct interpretation of photographs,4)to define the interpreter of the hermeneutics of photography, and finally to determine who/what has a more reliable position in the photography?

In this study, the hermeneutic analysis of photography is based on the philosophical hermeneutical views of ‘Hans-Georg Gadamer’,andis constituted based on acareful examination of its hermeneutic elements, in creating the correct interpretation of the photo. In other words, the position of each of the elements of Gadamerian hermeneutic in analyzing the context (the concept of tradition, prejudgment, effective historical awareness, conversational logic, semantic horizon, author intent, and hermeneutics critique) is considered in the interpretation process of photography, and its position is raised based on a visual context.

The hermeneutic analysis of photography can include all types of analysis, interpretation, and criticism of target photographs if the influential hermeneutic tools and elements in the analysis are applied accurately. Addressing the interpretive position of the hermeneutic elements will lead the hermeneutics of photography towards a more comprehensive and accurate analysis.

 In response to a wide range of challenges and problems arising from social and economic change, spatial resilience as a late theory of urban resilience is being developed and conceptualized in both theoretical and practical areas. However, the conceptual implications of spatial resilience, especially in the field of urban design, have not been clearly explainedyet and its implications in other fields have been used sparsely in the field of urban design.

Spatial resilience in many respects represents a new-multidimensional discourse approach to place-based urban resilience, where the urban system produces and reproduces adaptability and variability vis-a-vis change. This paper seeks to develop a general framework to create a resilient place based on the relationship between spatial resilience and urban design. Moreover, it aims to determine the conceptual framework for the urban spatiality of resilience.

This study examines the spatial resilience literature based on the conceptual framework of the RPA. This study performed a systematic review of spatial resilience literature in four stages by searching the term “spatial resilience” in the Scopus database from 1973 to May 2020. Finally, 14 articles were selected for content analysis.

Spatial resilience implies the place-based and local aspects of the urban system and its integration with higher scales. Intra- and inter-scale interactions and trade-offs transformability and adaptability, innovation and creativity, co-evolution, and place identity are the five influential features of spatial resilience.Beyond traditional resilience with an engineering approach, spatial resilience emphasizes the integration of resilience policies with other policies and programs that affect the nature of places and how they operate.

Like Friedrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger considers the history of metaphysics to be the history of the development of nihilism. However, in Heidegger’s view, the situation of modern man, what has made human beings homeless, unlike what Nietzsche said, is not a construction of an imaginary world which we have imagined to be real and valuable, and through which we have deemed our worldly life and natural needs worthless. Heidegger argues that true nihilism is where metaphysics, through its subjective approach, confuses the Being and the beings in the background of what comes into presence, that is, the remaining beings, and thus forgets even the question of Being. Heidegger,therefore, considers metaphysical subjectivism to be the main element in the nihilistic state of modern man. Accordingly, the present study examines the question of the possibility of breaking away from subjectivism as our philosophical necessity today.

In addition to answering the question of what nihilism, metaphysics, and subjectivism are in Heidegger’s thought, the present article seeks to provide a critical account of art as a means of breaking away from subjectivism.

As to the content and objectives of this research, the descriptive method has been used.

Based onHeidegger’s interpretation of Hölderlin’s poem Mnemosyne in the essay What Are Poets For?, as well as his description of Paul Cézanne’s work, it is argued that through allowing the presence of nothingness in the work of art, the artist not only prepares the scene for the occurrence of the truth of Being but also eliminates the dichotomy between Being and beings by informing us about the distinction and make it a mysterious unity, thus enabling us to break away from subjectivism.

Urban Design Framework is a documentary qualitative study employing a process-oriented approach whose application requires a similar procedural planning process at the city level to comply with that. The absence of such a fundamental basis and the lack of systematic knowledge of the content and outcomes of this approach may lead to an inappropriate result that undermines its application. There are basic challenges in understanding the concept of the Urban Design Framework and the application of this approach as a whole. There is also a contradiction in the procedure of activities. Apart from that, its contents and outcomes are subject to ambiguity. However, the fundamental problem of this service description is its integration within the wider framework of the statutory planning document. Reviewed Urban Design Framework service description includes two levels of studies, whose incorporation into one toolkit is not only unnecessary but also inappropriate.  The reason lies in the feasibility of procedures. A three-dimensional Master plan is a supplementary tool introduced in this toolkit, which has basic ambiguity in its title, content, and applications. The most important challenge posed by this Master plan is associated with a procedural aspect and refers to the timing of its application, which is supposed to happen at the same time as the Framework itself is being developed, without the participation of stakeholders, beneficiaries, and the interested groups. In addition, service description in this level (Master Plan) has posed challenges in terms of the content and the nature of outcomes.