نشریه انسان و محیط زیست
سال بیستم شماره 1 (پیاپی 60، بهار 1401)

Mankind always need to ecosystem services and goods to survive, but there has been the problem of no market to valuation of this services and assume those being free. Ecosystem services valuation studies have considerably increased our knowledge of the value of ecosystems. Ecosystem services valuation can be interpreted as asking about the value of the current flow of benefits provided by that ecosystem, or about the value of future flows of benefits and also, be asking about the value of conserving that ecosystem rather than converting it to some other use. Valuation is not a single activity, and the seemingly simple question ‘how valuable is an ecosystem?’ Because ecosystem services are not fully negotiable in commercial markets, or they are not quantifying so that comparable to financial services and productive investment and they often little importance in politics, there are need to methods for their valuation. Given that understanding the principal and proper use of valuation methods, can help to policy makers and planners in order to design appropriate and effective Sustainable development policies related to environmental problems.

This study has studied the subject through literature review and applying internet databases, and is trying to answer to this important question, how ecosystem services valuation affected environmental planning using to consider the concepts and methods of valuation of ecosystem services. 

Key concepts about ecosystem services were stated and the different types of of ecosystem goods and services values and their valuation approaches such as direct valuation approach and revealed preferences and expressed preferences and their shortcomings were introduced and investigeted.

Ecosystem economic valuation, provides useful information for planning, conservation and sustainable use of natural resources to planners and executives, social and economic managers by estimating the quantitative value of ecosystem functions, goods and services.

After the scientific community warning, in the united nation framework convention on climate change, principles to avoid emissions was agreed and under the Kyoto protocol was accomplished as the Clean Development Mechanism. In this paper, while reviewing the dimensions of this mechanism, the situation of Iran's electricity industry was examined from its perspective.
Analysis

In this, after reviewing Iran’s situation in the greenhouse gas emissions the elements of CDM including the history, benefits and barriers, economic aspects, methodology and patterns of environmental assessment power plant was reviewed.  Then environmental risks of power industry and Iran’s position in that were discussed.

Per capita CO2 emission growth caused by energy consumption, electricity and heat production, in addition central electricity system and the lack of sufficient focus on distributed generation represents not so bright future of power industry from the perspective of environmental indicators in Iran, which of course has been considered by energy and environmental policymakers in recent years.

 To develop clean electricity, this paper recommends: updating systems, focusing on distributed generation and regional power generation, investing in education Clean Development Mechanism and the development of cogeneration power plants (as a successful experiment in increased efficiency and lower emissions in the power generation process in other countries).

Veterinary Antibiotics are widely used in Iran and elsewhere in the world to deal with livestock and poultry diseases, due to increased demand for meat and dairy products in the community. Most of these antibiotics are excreted in the urine and feces of livestock and poultry and these excrements are used as manure by farmers in fields and gardens. This issue has raised concerns about the release of antibiotics in the environment. Increasing the concentration of these compounds in agricultural environments may lead to antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes, and ultimately affect the health of soil, plant, and humans.

In this article, a brief overview of the use of antibiotics in the world and Iran, ways to release it in the environment by livestock and poultry manure, its effect on the microbial community of the soil, the accumulation of antibiotics in the edible parts of plants and its impact on the health of human has been studied. Also, the effect of composting livestock and poultry manure before entering the fields and gardens as a suitable strategy to prevent the occurrence of these compounds into the soil has also been studied. Finally, existing research gaps and suggestions for a more accurate understanding of this issue in Iran has been declared.

Most Veterinary antibiotics added to agricultural land are absorbed by plant roots. This leads to their bioaccumulation in plant tissues and toxicity to plants. The type of treatments performed before the introduction of livestock manure into the field determines the final concentration of antibiotics introduced into the environment.

There are significant research gaps in the release of antibiotics into the environment. In Iran, the concentration of various antibiotics in manure and poultry as well as their fate in soil, plants and humans should be investigated.

Soil is one of the most important components of the ecosystem, which is a suitable environment for storing nutrients and performing biological and chemical processes, and as a natural filter by storing and transporting pollutants, reduces their harmful effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the sources, chemical structure and health and environmental effects of some heavy metals in the soil.

The research method was theoretically and using library resources. First, the sources and then the structure and health and environmental effects of heavy metals in the soil were studied.

Results show that heavy metals, unlike organic pollutants, are immutable and non-biodegradable and have physiological effects on living organisms and thus are important in low concentrations. Heavy metals are formed naturally in the soil by pedogenic processes. Human factors such as the development of industrial areas, mining waste, use of chemical fertilizers, animal, pesticides, Sewage sludge and irrigation of agricultural lands with sewage, residues resulting from the burning of coal, petrochemical and atmospheric deposition can increase the concentration of these metals and cause soil contamination with heavy metals.

Soil plays a very important role in providing food for humans and other organisms, and its contamination by heavy metals can have irreversible effects. Adequate knowledge of the concentration, sources, chemical structure and potential health and environmental hazards of heavy metals is essential to prevent pollution and to select the appropriate method for soil remediation. Creating accessible resources for agricultural production and increasing food security is one of the goals of improving contaminated soils.

Human progress and increasing growth of population increase municipal waste production. According to this issue, for decreasing the destructive effects of municipal wastes, efficient management plan are need that it is first phase of wastes separation. Therefore, the main goal of this research is survey on the status separation of municipal waste source and introducing methods that increase public participation.
Analysis

The statistical society of this research is the citizens of triple areas of Zanjan city. For this purpose, 450 questionnaires were prepared based on random cluster sampling of distribution.  Mixing both interview and questionnaire method were used in this study. Data were summarized in frequency tables and relations and differences between variables were determined using descriptive and analytical statistical methods like Dunck and Mann Whitney, Chi square. SPSS 20 and Excel software’s have been used in data analysis.

Data of this study show that approximately 70% of citizens in Zanjan city are volunteers for implementing of waste source separation plan. Now the municipal waste source separation is done only in 38% of statistical society in this case study. The most important reason of citizens for fulfill this plan was the increase of the cleanliness of the city and the environmental protection (66%). The most important reason for lack of waste source separation was the lack of necessary facilities in the city (50%). The level of received training of 90% of statistical society is poor or very poor, and 7% of societies are satisfied from instructions and notices of media about separation plan, that shows the poor performance of recycle management.

The results of research indicate that there are factors that are effective in the level of awareness of society about waste source separation plan. Among the affecting factors, education level, family income and residential area were more evident. Also, it hasn't been seen any relationship between gender, marital status and age and environmental awareness.

Land use/land cover has long been considered for natural resource planning and management and remote sensing techniques are the best tools to produce land use/cover maps. There are various methods for preparing land use maps.

The purpose of this study is to prepare a land cover map of Ghoorichay watershed using processing and classification of satellite images, which is one of the most important watersheds of Ardabil province.

For this purpose, Landsat 8 satellite images related to June 2015 were classified using supervised maximum likelihood and fuzzy classification methods.

The results showed that rangelands, bare lands, dry lands, and residential lands (village) are the major land uses in the area, respectively. According to the results, maximum likelihood method with kappa coefficient of 0.82 and overall accuracy of %88 is more accurate than fuzzy classification method with kappa coefficient of 0.81 and overall accuracy of %87.

Based on the results of this study, despite the high capability of satellite images in the preparation of land use map, in order to increase the accuracy of classification, peripheral parameters should be used.

Leaf Area Index (LAI) is one of the most important structural parameters in agricultural, range and forest ecosystems and variation of energy, water, and gases are tightly coupled to LAI. According to the novelty of LAI research in Iran, this study aimed to evaluate different direct ground-based methods for determining LAI.

This research has been done by literature reviews by using internet databases. There are two main categories of procedures to measure LAI: ground-based and remote sensing methods, and ground-based methods divided into direct and indirect (estimation) methods.

Although, in the past two decades, the tendency to use indirect ground-based as well as remote sensing methods for estimating g LAI has increased, but for reasons such as needing semi-sophisticated and sophisticated instruments and lack of free access to satellite images in the greater part of the world, caused the direct ground-based methods for calculating LAI has been widely used. Moreover, the high precision and accuracy of direct ground-based methods compared to direct ground-based and remote sensing methods is another reason for preferring direct ground-based methods.

The results of this study showed that the Litter Trap method could be the most efficient method for measuring LAI, and we proposed this method in future research, concerning very less destruction to nature as well as high accuracy and precision.

The objective of the study was to compare the desert environments soil physical and chemical characteristics with different vegetation types. This study has done in southwestern of Sistan region (Tasoki and Torsh Ab).
Study

The study areas were distinguished based on geologic maps in scales of 1:50,000 and field observations, and global positioning system (GPS). Four soil samples were taken from the 0-45 cm depth at each location and analyzed for pH, EC, organic matter, organic carbon, nitrogen, CaCO3, ESP, potassium, moisture, sodium, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, sodium adsorption ratio, chlorine and texture. Dates were analyzed using SPSS software. 

The data indicated that there are no statistically significant differences between soil properties including: pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, moisture, magnesium, and silt, at the 0.05 levels (p> 0.05). But, there are statistically significant differences between soil properties including: organic matter, organic carbon, CaCO3, ESP, potassium, sodium adsorption ratio, calcium, clay and sand were statistically significant at the 0.05 levels (p< 0.01).

Concluded that the study area soil no limits to incrase of vegetation cover. The studies concluded that there were no soil limite for incrase of vegetation cover in study area.

The aim of this research was an introduce and identification of biotic characterizes of round goby (Neogobius melanostomus). The species was an exotic species with a large distribution in the world and often lived on shallow waters.

Morphology, life history, reproduction, habitat preferences, environmental tolerances, parasites, environmental effects and sampling strategies were also discussed in this study.

Special size in each age on the species is depended to environmental condition in each area. The use ability of different food resources, the live ability of different regional, fast growth and resilient ability in environmental changes are some aggressive cases of this species.

With regarding to special condition of freshwater ecosystems in Iran, we have to study the ecological and biological characterizes of exotic species such as Gobiidae and then we manage the population growth to conserve the important ecosystems.

Sprawl growth of the cities has different environmental impacts. This process leads to destruction of suburban agricultural land and marginal orchards. The devastation of suburb area not only influenced the area, but also it has different impacts on whole city. Sarab Qanbar gardens which located in the southern city of Kermanshah, is largely degraded as a result of urban Sprawl growth. While area protection is compulsory necessity due to the ecological services which provided by this area.

Landscape ecology framework were used to develop the area in order to achieve the mentioned goal. Therefore, first the appropriate landscape metrics were used. In the next stage, patches and corridors have been identified and analyzed based on field surveys. Ecological redesign was the final stage.

The strategic design plan of the area was designed, which has been done based on strategic planning. Strategies were classified in four groups of protective, defensive, offensive and opportunistic. Each class determined based on patch and corridors characteristics and their interaction with context.  Finally, actions and strategic plan were purposed protection and development of the area.

The expansion of the city has led to the creation of disturbance patches in the region, On the other hand, natural patches tend to be crushed, Natural corridors face serious challenges. While the spread of disturbing corridors leads to changes in the structure of the landscape and the ecological fracture has intensified. The continuation of this process will lead to the destruction of these lands, which will have many consequences. Effective environmental design can be providing a proper framework based on the landscape ecology by defining the city's proper functions, it will protect these natural arenas.

The complexity of the subject of architectural and urban space design due to unknown dimensions and the existence of various human behavioral patterns, is such that it is not possible to design the environment based on the principles of a theory. The purpose of this study is to review and critique the foundations of space syntax theory, as one of the main tools of space design, in the optimal explanation of human-environment behavioral patterns.

In the present research method, a hybrid strategy has been used. The initial data were collected with a qualitative approach, based on library studies. To classify the data, a classification strategy is used. This strategy creates new knowledge by arranging and structuring data in a system based on general characteristics, patterns, behaviors, and themes, and can be combined with other research strategies. To achieve the results, the obtained data are explained with an interpretive strategy based on inference. In achieving and explaining the results, a critical approach has been considered in order to provide the strengths and weaknesses of the theory of space syntax and theoretical and practical solutions to address the weaknesses of this theory.

After examining the capabilities of space syntax theory analysis in space perception, the findings show that this theory has weaknesses in explaining the human-environment relationship that can be addressed in four factors: visual, structural (geometric), behavioral and Categorized environment.

The results showed that in the field of visual factors, readability; In the field of structural (geometric) factors, readability and configuration; In the field of behavior and environment, explanation of behavioral camps; And in the field of environmental factors, climatic factors are the most influential shortcomings of neophyte theory in explaining the human-environmental relationship. Therefore, in the optimal design of the environment and reducing the weaknesses of neohospatial theory, the basics of cover theories in the expressed areas should be used.

Aim and scope: 

Groundwater is the most important source of water supply in arid and semi-arid regions. For this reason, its quantitative and qualitative protection plays an important role in the development of these areas. This study aimed to use groundwater quality parameters to develop a groundwater quality index.

The groundwater quality of Jiroft plain was studied using the groundwater quality index (GWQI). First, the calculation process of mentioned index was discussed and then the quality of groundwater was investigated by it. In this study, parameters such as nitrate, phosphate and arsenic were also assessed in addition to the main cations and anions of groundwater.

The spatial distribution pattern of the main ions is influenced by the geological units and the direction of groundwater flow. The concentration of major and minor ions is lower than permissible limits in most parts of the plain.

According to the results, the groundwater has good quality for drinking water in the most parts of the Jiroft plain. Groundwater recharge by surrounding alluvial fans is the main cause of the good quality of groundwater. Comparison of the map of groundwater quality index zonation with classification of groundwater samples using Schuller method shows the usefulness of groundwater quality index for evaluating the quality of groundwater.Key Words: Groundwater, Chemical parameters, Water quality index, Jiroft plain.

The physical environment causes man to reveal complicated reactions in the form of feelings, feedback, value, interests and desires. These reactions specifically form the human’s cognitive and perceptual process of the environment in the form of aesthetics values such as feeling of environmental desirability. The concept of environmental aesthetics is a complex one and has been widely discussed in different theoretical and empirical studies; however, the effects of environmental stimuli and characteristics on the human’s desirable experience of the environment still looks a vague subject. Thus, in the view of the various levels of experiential perception of the space and resulting feeling of desirability, it is imperative to perform various accurate analyses of environmental psychology, as this will help recognize theoretical components to improve the quality of the environment. Accordingly, the following questions are raised: Which characteristics in theoretical models of environmental psychology do form perception of the environmental aesthetics through experience? Which components do constitute the main elements of experiencing the environmental aesthetics? 

The present research has a qualitative approach and uses descriptive-analytical method to review the main models to recognize the key approaches related with the concept of experiential aesthetics so that their underlying mechanisms are determined. In this connection, the process and relationship between the variables of the theoretical models is examined via content analysis.

Results indicated that three main components can be regarded as the structural dimensions of aesthetics dimensions through experience: 1. Continuous action consciousness through interaction with and attention to the environment; 2. Sensory-motor consciousness by arousal and emotions, and 3. Structural consciousness through participation in the environment and environmental behavior.

Meso-scale eddies are not only dynamically important, but also climatologically, environmentally, as well as in terms of air-sea interaction are of special importance. Due to the existence of oil and gas fields, the Persian Gulf is exposed to oil pollution, analyzing the role of factors such as meso-scale eddies in the spread of pollution in the Persian Gulf is very important.

In this study, sea level data related to the analyzed Aviso reference data series (2010-2014) were used and meso-scale eddies were identified and tracked using a method based on sea level, and the relevant maps were drawn. This method is more effective than other common methods of tracking eddies.

By studying the location of formation of eddies, eddy distribution coefficient was also calculated and the results indicated that eddies created in spring have a larger scale and higher speed, while eddies created in winter have a smaller scale and lower speed.

The eddies located in the north and south of the Persian Gulf have moved to the west and east of the Persian Gulf, respectively, which is consistent with the results of other studies. The range of the most eddy activity in the entrance parts of the Persian Gulf is from the Strait of Hormuz and inclined to the coast of Iran as well as northwest of the Persian Gulf. The maximum number of eddies is observed in summer and winter and the least number of eddies is observed in spring and autumn.

Environmental literacy is the ability to understand the natural systems that make our lives on planet possible, so in an environmentally literate society, there is a sustainable society that knows that its life depends on the environment. In this study, the level of environmental education (knowledge, attitude and practice) of students of Malayer University regarding different aspects of the environment was evaluated.

The method of this research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of data collection is descriptive-survey research. The statistical population of all students is studying in the second semester of 2016 -2017. In 7 faculties of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Basic Sciences, Engineering, Literature and Humanities, Mathematics and Statistics, Agriculture, Civil Engineering and Architecture Studying. The importance and prioritization of environmental literacy indices were investigated using the hierarchical analysis decision making model.

Based on the results of students' knowledge and attitude about the environment, they are at a relatively good level but it's not the same in faculties. The highest level of knowledge was in the students of the Faculty of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences and then at the Faculty of Agriculture. Then, the importance and prioritization of environmental literacy indicators were studied. To this end, a hierarchical analysis decision making model was used. Based on the results of the three main criteria of knowledge, attitude and practice, the highest priority was the knowledge standard with a weight of 0.69. Also, the performance criterion with weight of 0.23 and attitude with weight of 0.07 respectively had second and third priorities in terms of students.

Among the three criteria of knowledge, attitude and practice of knowledge criterion are the most important. Raising the weight of students' environmental knowledge and understanding of environmental degradation factors and understanding which factors are most threatening the environment in today's society are promising for having a healthy environment and achieving sustainable development. Also, the result is that students in the environmental sciences have a better understanding of the environment and related issues, Emphasizes the need to incorporate efficient environmental education throughout higher education institutions. Therefore, universities can increase the level of environmental education of the students in the training of human resources specialists and responsible for the environment to take effective steps to research the goals of sustainable development

Due to its significant volume and pollution, the extracting and processing of wastewater from crude oil is a serious challenge in oil industries. The discharge of these wastewaters to the acceptor environment or to reuse them requires the provision of environmental standards. Therefore, the study of different wastewater refine methods is of great importance. 

In this study, the different processes of wastewater refinery produced in oil industry units included the first, second (physicochemical methods), and third stages of refinery methods (biological) were studied.

The first refinery stage is used as the most widely used method based on water weight dispute, oil, and sand, and its biggest drawback is the lack of gathering particles smaller than 150 microns. The second refinery stage included flocculation and air flotation methods and the efficiency of this method for water polluted by oil is 95%, and one of the most disadvantages of this method are high costs of chemical supplies and maintenance. The third refinery stage is the biological method which has the highest efficiency in wastewater refinery, and disadvantages of this method including high electrical and mechanical equipment, and also high costs due to high energy consumption.

The second and third refinery stages are expensive and one can be stated that the combination of the second or third method with the first stage is achieved as the most efficient method in extracting and processing of crude oil.

Nowadays, regular evaluation of recreational and non-market benefits of environmental resources is necessary so that those positive aspects be combined into politics and planned decisions. The main goal of this research is economic-recreational valuation of Koohestan forest park-Kermanshah using the zonal travel cost method.

Collecting quantitative and qualitative data, visiting the park, preparing questionnaires and analysis of the findings using Excel software have been the main principles of the related research. Validity and reliability of the questionnaires were approved by the scientific board members of Payame Noor University and Cronbach alpha coefficient respectively.

Investigating the monthly income level of visitors showed that there is a high correlation between this variable in one hand and the number of days of visiting the promenade and also willingness to pay the entrance fee on the other hand. The results also showed that the level of education also plays an important role in attracting tourists such that the largest number of visitors was literate people. Reviewing of the carried out studies over Koohestan Forest Park showed that the highest number of visitors (48%) were in the age range of 20-35 years.The high recreational value of Koohestan forest park, which was calculated in the spring and summer of 2016, was equal to 727045380 rials.

The results indicate the need for more attention and the development of a comprehensive plan of tourism development for forest parks that can be an effective tool in planning and managing developmental projects.

Background and scope: dyeing industry wastewater has a high rate of contamination due to the presence of heavy metals and therefore, several methods have been developed to reduce the environmental impact of wastewater in this industry. The aim of this study is to use plasma technique as a rapid, low-cost and environmentally friendly process which has the ability of removing metal mordants by using low amounts of chemical compounds with minimal impact on the environment pollution.

In this study, color features of wool dyed samples were evaluated and compared under CIE (L* a* b*). And finally, chemical and physical changes of row fiber and plasma after dyeing were performed using SEM and FTIR analysis.

The research shows that plasma treatment for 3 minutes and 180 W has affected the wool fiber surface and improves the uptake of dye in the fiber without the use of metal mordants.

Due to the fact that the industry is demanding cheap and convenient methods for dye adsorption and removal of metals, using the mentioned method compared to other conventional methods in textile industry is much faster, cheaper and cleaner. Moreover, the valuable properties of fibers are maintained and new properties are added selectively.

Most ecosystem services are public goods or assets that cannot or should not be considered private. In principle monetary value of these services are estimated by benefits for society and if the services are lost, profits will be lost accordingly. Among different ecosystems, wetlands are the most productive ecosystems on the planet and this is not only associated with high biodiversity, they also play an important role in maintaining the balance of life on Earth and make it possible.

In this study, the steps of determining information selection criteria in the economic valuation of wetland ecosystem services include the following processes: 1) Providing first-hand information from the studied areas; 2) Monetary valuation for ecosystem services, so that they can be attached to a particular biome at a specific time; 3) providing information about the surface of the regions (about which ecosystem services can be converted to monetary value per hectare; 4) providing information about the evaluation method used; 5) providing information about the study site, area and study scale (native, local, Regional, continental and global).

wetlands are now one of the ecosystems that were influenced by increasing human activities, changes in land use of large parts of the surrounding beaches and urban pollution discharges and also agricultural activities. Continued overuse of ecosystems has increased cost of living and future generations will suffer from poverty. After the change in land use, many of the foreign positive effects of ecosystems are destroyed or severely reduced and improvement of public goods and services is possible through ecosystems that are in serious situation and this needs a firm decision to improve them for conserving environmental diversity and sustainable management of ecosystems.

Economic valuation of ecosystem services in the best way is a supplement for traditional decision-making framework in which positive and negative external effects or losing of many environmental goods and services that are not known is significant. Monetary value can help us by determining external effects and increasing our insight of the role and economic importance of nature through qualitative and quantitative measurements. The economic valuation of ecosystem services is therefore important for society and can provide us strong and reliable communication tool for informing a better and more balanced decision-making in the field of trade and related land resources.

Rail safety is a very complex subject, with various factors involved. Many of the risk assessment techniques currently used in railroads are routine techniques. In this study, the YAPP upgraded method was used.

 In this method, three indicators are used to estimate the risk of each alternative. The risk associated with the length of each railway alternative, the risk of population density and the number of residents around each alternative, and the risks associated with the geological situation and the milestones of each alternative. To complete the evaluation of options, the FAHP method is used to prioritize them based on the YAPP indexes and sub-indicators.

 In this study, there are three alternatives for Shiraz railway, one, Kazeroon-Farashband, Second, Kazeroon-Quar and Shiraz-Noorabad. The study results show that the third alternative is the safest alternate with a risk value of 127.779 compared to two other alternatives with risk values ​​of 277 and 298. Based on the results of the FAHP prioritization, the third option was also identified as the preferred option.

 The YAPP method, taking into account natural and human factors in assessing the risk of railroads, is an efficient method that can be used to select optimal and safe paths in the design and planning phase of the projects. Using the multi-criteria decision-making methods along with the YAPP method, the choice of the final option is made easier and more scientifically.