فصلنامه مطالعات میان فرهنگی
پیاپی 49 (زمستان 1400)

People's attitudes are a combination of beliefs, principles, values and perceptions that prepare a person to judge others, objects or things around him and find a positive or negative view of them. Therefore, attitude measurement is a valuable and effective tool to assess the current situation and the way people look around. The cultural attitude survey of students living in dormitories of the University of Tehran was conducted with the aim of examining students' interaction with cultural programs and how they spend their leisure time in dormitories with the presence of 158 graduate students in the Fall of 1400. The most important finding of this survey is the increasing dependence of students on cyberspace, which is the first and main priority of students to spend their leisure time, which results in more isolation, less sense of responsibility, selfishness and less sense of cooperation and empathy among people. The type of attitude and cultural concerns of dormitory students also have many similarities with the community. Among them, we can mention the moral problems in society, the decrease of people's respect for each other, the decrease of people's tolerance, the decrease of respect for the opinions of others.

Looking at the situation of the country in recent years in terms of knowledge production, it can be seen that although knowledge is the basis of development and wealth, despite the many capabilities in science production, most of them are not successful in commercialization. In the present study, a systematic and strategic model of knowledge commercialization in higher education centers is designed according to the cultural factor. This research is an applied research in terms of purpose and descriptive survey in terms of method. The data of this research include documents received from keyword searches in reputable scientific databases and conducting interviews. In this research, first, using the content analysis method and its implementation in 2020MAXQDA software and performing open and axial coding, the components were identified and summarized, and then the final framework was formed using selective coding. Then, to check the validity of the model, 24 questionnaires were distributed among the statistical sample and analyzed with SmartPLS software. The findings show that the output of content analysis of 26 components in 5 dimensions (knowledge commercialization process, benefits, environment, resources and organization) was identified and the output of confirmatory factor analysis also showed the approval of 48 final indicators. It had validity and reliability tests and the final model was presented with 5 dimensions and 22 components. The system model presented in this research can study the process of turning ideas into technology and knowledge transfer with respect to cultural factors and use the environment and organization for creating appropriate output and benefits. Based on the presented results, decision makers in universities are advised not to implement the initial raw ideas quickly and instead they have to specify a specific process for presenting and evaluating existing ideas. It is also suggested to pay more attention to the role of cultural values, because the commercialization of knowledge, although considered a material activity, must be based on the right organizational culture and values

Todays, NGOs, as the third pillar of society and the representative of civil society, play a crucial role in accessing socially excluded groups, including women, to their citizenship rights. The most important dimension of citizenship is social citizenship, which is closely linked to the public sphere. It seems that these organizations play an important role in facilitating women's access to their citizenship, although different factors can be effective in achieving this goal.The main aim of present study was to examine the effect of factors influencing the contribution of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in women's access to social rights in Iran. This research employed a quantitative approach and survey technique using questionnaire tools to assess the assumptions. The data were collected from three groups including 30 executive gender experts, 10 NGO's managers, and 319 audiences of NGOs who were selected through stratified sampling. A descriptive-correlation approach using Spearman correlation tests and multivariate regression by SPSS software (2020) were employed for data analysis. Findings revealed that social and economic factors affect the participation of non-governmental organizations in women's access citizenship in Iran.

Conflict in societies is a pervasive issue that manifests itself in various economic, political, scientific and religious dimensions. Religion, although often cohesive, cannot be denied the contradictions based on it. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to investigate the social conflicts based on religion in the last half century in Kurdistan province. This research aims to investigate religious-based social conflicts in Kurdistan over the past half century. The research has a qualitative approach to the subject and uses two historical methods via historical documents including biographies, books, papers and oral history. In this way, informed people in Kurdistan are also interviewed. The second method includes ethnography which the researcher uses the observation and conversation techniques to debate the lived experiences of the studied population (religious people of various religious sects). In the meantime, these experiences are used to address relevant social conflicts. The findings suggest that the distribution of conflicts between groups are identified from a geographical point of view. Seven categories of religion-based social conflicts in Kurdistan including “religion as the eliminator of conflicts”, “religion as the concealer of conflicts”, “religion as the representer of conflicts”, “religion as the perpetuator of conflicts”, “religion as strengthener and intensifier of conflicts”, “religion as source and origin of social conflicts” and “religion as underminer of conflicts” are extracted. Each of the said conflicts has arisen between intellectual groups with different religious attitudes or religious groups with secular thinking attitudes. These conflicts have sometimes been embodied in the form of conflicting views, and sometimes in the form of physical and force majeure. These conflicts are sometimes strengthened and undermined by religion in the form of a process and long term, or are immediate and short term.

The purpose of this study is to study the relationship between virtual social networks and the desire to participate in environmental protection among Tehran citizens. Environmental participation has been implemented as a dependent variable based on environmental behavior and cooperation. The theoretical framework based on Wellman's network theory and Gerbner implantation theory is a research method used quantitatively and the research tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. The sampling method is a multi-stage cluster and the sample size was obtained after deleting the outdated data of 384 people. The research results indicate that between the desire to participate in environmental protection and the use of social networks There is a positive and significant relationship between virtual (r = 0.492), trust in virtual social networks (r = 0.339), activity in virtual social networks (r = 0.348) and environmental knowledge (r = 0.348). In fact, participation in environmental activities is a function of the trust and conscious performance of users in cyberspace with an environmental focus, and with the results of analysis of variance with Sig = 0.000 and F = 22.91, users who use cyberspace to obtain new information. They are more willing to participate in environmental protection, feel more responsible for their environment, and cooperate more in environmental activities.

The nature of the relationship between online social capital and Psycho-Social health is influenced by many important factors such as identity motivations and ostentation strategies. In addition, the use of Internet social networks can lead to intercultural change. In this regard, the main issue of the research is what are the social and psychological consequences of online social capital factors in a cultural environment and how different are the online social capital relationships among Internet users. The participants were 740 people from Abadan and Masjed Soleiman counties in Khuzestan province, who completed questionnaires with cross-sectional measurements of online social capital and socio-psychological aspects. As a result, online network capital was clearly more prominent in its relationship with identity motivations for Masjed Soleiman users than Abadan users. It seems that for Abadan users, online link capital has a direct connection with identity motivations, and these were the means to create a link alone, happiness and life satisfaction. Also, online social capital is culturally different, especially in terms of how different types of online mediated social resources can affect socio-mental health resources.