نشریه فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
پیاپی 53 (بهار 1401)

Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses that can limit the growth and yield of crops, but application of  bio fertilizers and nano silicon  can moderate the effects of salinity. So, in order to study the effects of salinity, bio fertilizers and nano silicon on chlorophyll content and grain filling components of triticale, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in greenhouse research of Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili during 2021. Factors experiment were included salinity levels (no application of salinity as control, salinity of 30 and 60 mM by NaCl), application of bio fertilizers (no application as control, application of vermicompost, mycorrhiza, both application of vermicompost and mycorrhiza), and nano silicon foliar application (foliar application with water as a control, foliar application 30 and 60 mg.L-1 nano silicon). The results showed that both application of vermicompost, mycorrhiza and foliar application of 60 mg.L-1 nano silicon under no salinity conditions increased root weight and volume (34.82 and 12.92%, respectively), chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids content (80.22, 90.32, 88.82 and 80.96%, respectively) and leaf area index (132.96%) compared to no application of bio fertilizers and nano silicon under 60 mM salinity conditions. Also, both application of vermicompost, mycorrhiza and foliar application of 60 mg.L-1 nano silicon under no salinity conditions increased maximum of grain weight, grain filling period and effective grain filling period (40.07, 25.69 and 44.93% respectively) and grain yield (88.88%) compared to no application of bio fertilizers and nano silicon under 60 mM salinity conditions. It seems that the application of bio fertilizers and nano silicon can increase grain yield of triticale under salinity conditions due to improve leaf area index,  root weight and volume, chlorophyll content and grain filling components.

Present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of different amounts of nitrogen, biochar and mycorrhiza on yield and some morphophysiological traits in wheat in 2016-17 and 2017-18 crop years in Omidiyeh city insouthwestern of Iran. The experiment was conducted as a factorialin a randomized complete block design withfour replications. Experimental factors was included using of pure nitrogen amount at four levels of urea fertilizer  (46% nitrogen), respectively, no fertilizer, 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha-1, mycorrhizal fungi at two levels including use and non-use of Glomus intradiaces and biochar obtained from plant biomass and agricultural wastes as soil modifiers at three levels of non-use and 4 and 8 ton ha-1. Triple interaction of different amounts of nitrogen with biochar and mycorrhiza on biological yield, grain yield, radicle length, stem length, chlorophyll index and carbohydrate percentage were significant at 1% probability level. In this study, biochar application with nitrogen fertilizer in plants inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi had better effects on all traits than biochar application, nitrogen fertilizer and mycorrhiza alone. The highest grain yield (27%), carbohydrate (15%), chlorophyll index (34%) and stem length (28%) were obtained from application of 150 kg N/ha with 4 and 8 t ha-1 biochar and mycorrhizal application. The results showed that the highest percentage of protein was obtained from mycorrhiza application, which showed a significant increase of 5% compared to control plants. Generally, based on the results, application of 150 kg N/ha and 4 ton/ha biochar in plants inoculated with Mycorrhiza was selected as the best experimental treatment.

In order to investigate the effects of drought stress and nitrogen on yield, yield components and some physiological characteristics of Quinoa (Santamaria cultivar), a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) in the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran in 2020. Factors including drought stress levels (control, moderate and severe stresses) by increasing the frequency of irrigation and nitrogen (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 kg ha-1) were from the urea source. The results showed that the highest biomass (42.87 g plant-1) and grain (17.20 g plant-1) yields were in control and 200 kg ha-1 of nitrogen and the lowest in severe stress and 250 kg ha-1 of nitrogen 9.49 and 2.14 g plant-1, respectively. The amount of reduction of grain yield under the moderate stress at nitrogen levels were in the range between 32.9-80.1% and in the severe stress between 73.0-87.9% compared to the control and 200 kg ha-1 nitrogen. Increasing drought stress decreased other traits such as 1000-seed weight, harvest index, plant height, relative water content and superoxide dismutase, but increased peroxidase. Ascending the nitrogen descended the relative water content (up to 100 kg ha-1), peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase. In non-drought stress condition increasing nitrogen went up chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, soluble proteins, chlorophyll fluorescence and stomatal conductance but went down in drought stress conditions (moderate and severe). The results of this experiment showed that in Quinoa (the Santamaria cv.), the effect of nitrogen depends on the amount of water available and with increasing drought stress decreases the effect of nitrogen.

The use of fertilizers that consider increasing yield while preserving production resources and increasing the productivity of production inputs is necessary and inevitable. One of the most important issues affecting environmental health and food production sustainability is the use of organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers. This experiment was carried out in the form of split split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Sari, Iran, region in the in the two years(2017 and 2018). Experimental factors include the combination of humic acid and fulovic acid with equal proportions as the main factor in four levels of zero (control), 3, 6 and 9 g/l, the combination of phosphoric acid solution and mono ammonium phosphate as a secondary factor in four levels (Control), 5, 10 and 15 g/l and planting date as a sub-factor in three levels were 25 April, 4 and 14 May. The results showed that the combination of humic acid and fulovic acid increased grain yield per plant, feeding seedlings with different amounts of phosphorus compounds increased the grain yield. The highest grain yield was obtained from the consumption of 3 g/l humic acid and folic acid, which showed an increase of 28.09% compared to the control. The highest grain yield was obtained by treatment of 5 g/l of seedling feed with different amounts of phosphorus compounds, which indicated a 28.98% increase in grain yield. The highest grain yield was obtained by treatment of 5 g/l of seedling feed with different amounts of phosphorus compounds, which indicated a 28.98% increase in grain yield. Grain yield  in sowing date of 4 and 14 May was better than 25 April. Grain yield had positive significant correlation with all off measured traits at %1 level. Based on the results, the use of humic acid and folvic acid along with feeding the seedlings with different amounts of phosphorus compounds in different planting dates improved grain yield. The suitable sowing date could be more effective by making better use of environmental factors and improving vegetative properties and allocating more photosynthetic material to the seed.

Forage plant often cultivated individually to feed livestock, which leads to a shortage of forage and seeds, especially in winter. In order to investigate the effects of biofertilizer Aztobarvar-1 and superabsorbent on some quantitative and qualitative traits of grain in vetch and barley intercropping in dryland conditions of Khorramabad, an experiment was conducted at the research farm of Lorestan University, Faculty of Agriculture, in the 2017-18 crop year as a factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications.The first factor was implemented in 5 levels including: 1- Pure cultivation of vetch (100% vetch) 2- Pure cultivation of barley (100% barley) 3- intercropping(25% vetch + 75% barley) 4- intercropping(50% vetch + 50% Barley 5- intercropping(75% vetch + 25% barley) by alternative method and the second factor was implemented in 4 levels including: 1- (control) 2- Azotobar-1 (seed and foliar spraying) 3- Superabsorbent 4- Azotobar-1 (Seed and foliar spraying) + superabsorbent. In this experiment, the highest quantitative and qualitative seed yield was obtained from the treatment (50% vetch + 50% barley), the highest number of pods in vetch and spike in barley (m2) was observed in pure cultivation.In addition, the highest thousand grain weight of vetch and barley was observed in 25% of the intercropping. So, it was concluded that the coexistence of vetch with barley was effective in increasing the quantity and quality of seeds.On the other hand, Aztobarvar-1 biofertilizer was more economical than nitrogen-containing chemical fertilizers.And also, this fertilizer was able to act as a safe alternative to nitrogenous chemical fertilizers with the lowest amount (100 g/ha). In addition, the combination of this fertilizer with superabsorbent material (absorber and storage of rainwater) increased the quantitative and qualitative yield in vetch and barley seeds.

The present study was conducted at the Research Farm and Greenhouse of Agricultural and Natural Resources Center of Ardabil during two successive years (2018-2019). For the aeroponic system an experiment was set up as factorial based on completely randomized design with three replicates. There were three experimental treatments viz: seedlings of three potato cultivars (Agria, Caeser, and Banba), chemical fertilizer (fertilizer application and no fertilizer application), and three bacterial combined inoculants (without inoculation as control, Pseudomonas putida, Azospirillum lipoferum, and Azetobacter chroococcum). In the second year, a trial was set up under field conditions as factorial based on RCBD (completely randomized block design) using two factors in three replications. These factors included mini-tubers of potato cultivars (Agria, Caeser and Banba) produced in aeroponic culture and PGPRs (without PGPRs and PGPRs inoculation including Pseudomonas, Azospirillum, and Azetobacter). The results of factor analysis based on studied traits in in the aeroponic culture experiment showed that in weight and number of mini tubers, number of stems, number of stolon increased by application of chemical fertilizer and plant height and stolon length due to biological fertilizer application. Among cultivars, cv. Banba showed the highest yield (number and weight of minitubers 162,1135 g,)  with chemical fertilizer application. According to the results of factor analysis of field experiment, the use of A. lipoferum significantly increased the number of tuber, tuber weight, number of stems and growth indices of total dry weight, tuber dry weight, crop growth rate, tuber growth rate and leaf area, and A. chroococcum had an increasing effect on plant height and number of stolon.In field experiment, the highest yield (number and weight of tuber were 24,800 g,) according to traits and growth indices in Agria cultivar with application of A. lipoferum bacteria. Based on the current research findings, chemical fertilizers application in aeroponic cultivation and treating with A. lipoferum in field improve potato yield.