مجله محیط زیست و توسعه فرابخشی
پیاپی 75 (بهار 1401)

The increase in greenhouse gas emissions in recent years has caused great concern to many communities and environmentalists; one of these important greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide (CO2). In this study, using important economic variables and indicators and time series data series of 1970-2018, which were divided into 5 separate groups with a set of data, and predicted the amount of CO2 emissions in Iran. For this subject, deep learning models of machine learning subset have been used. It was a multivariate issue and a set of objectives that predicted the amount of CO2 emissions for the next 5 years (5 years after 2018) and finally compared the forecasts for 2019 and 2020 with the actual CO2 of these years to verify the forecasts. The results obtained for all 6 experimental groups show that the amount of CO2 emissions in Iran will follow an upward trend in the coming years and by 2023 the amount of CO2 emissions will reach 850 to 900 million tons, which could be an environmental and dangerous disaster. Be for humans. Therefore, it is suggested that the government use a long-term plan with emphasis on important groups, culture building in the community and the establishment of more specific laws to control the amount of CO2 emissions.

Considering the importance of soil and water pollution and their impact on human health and food chain, the present study deals with the role of heavy metals in soil and water in Abdullah Giv area located on Quchan-Neishabour road, Khorasan Razavi province. In this study, 10 samples from water source and 20 samples from surface soils of the region were taken from a depth of 10 to 20 cm and after preparation and analysis were studied in terms of heavy metal concentrations. The results of the study showed that in the waters of the region, the highest concentration is related to Sr and the lowest concentration is related to Cd, but the concentration of all elements is less than the global health standard. The results of the concentration of heavy metals in the soil of the region and its comparison with the standard of the Environmental Protection Organization in alkaline soils showed that the amount of heavy metals Cr and Ni in the soil of the region is more than the standard. The presence of basaltic igneous rocks in the area can play a role in this. Studies show that to the west, the concentration of heavy metals in the region's water and soil resources is increasing.

Various indices are used to assess the suitability of water quality for drinking and agricultural uses. The aim of this study is to investigate the water quality of rivers in Beheshtabad watershed for irrigation purposes. Some water quality parameters were measured in 4 selected stations monthly during spring and summer 2013 and 2019 with using the standard methods. Then, SAR, RSC, SSP, KR, PI and MAR indices were calculated. According to the results, the water quality of the stations was in good condition in terms of PI with values less than 80 mg/l, was in good condition in terms of KR with values less than one and in terms of SSP with values less than 200. The water of the studied rivers was hard in terms of total hardness, sweet in terms of total dissolved solids, and had a good condition in terms of permeability index, residual sodium carbonate, soluble sodium percentage, Kelly’s Ratio, magnesium adsorption ratio indices. According to water quality indices, water quality did not change in 2019 compared to 2013. According to the Wilcox diagram, the water of these rivers were in class C2S1, suitable for agricultural use, and according to the Piper diagram were located in Bicarbonate-Magnesium-Calcium group, in the category of water with temporary hardness. In general, evaluation of water quality of these rivers showed that the water of these rivers did not have limitation in terms of agriculture and were almost acceptable and suitable for irrigation.

The water crisis, especially in the agricultural sector, has emerged as a major concern for policymakers in developing countries. Today, however, water scarcity is one of the main deterrents in agricultural production and plays an important role in the lack of food security. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to identify barriers to water protection and design water protection mechanisms in the agricultural sector. Due to the application of the qualitative approach in this study, Semi-structured interview with 17 farmers in Dashtestan as one of the agricultural areas with a dry climate affected by the recent drought in southern Iran were used. To analyze the results of this study, the paradigm model of Strauss and Corbin has been used to design an appropriate mechanism to overcome this crisis. Based on the analysis of the results of factors such as cultivation of irrigated crops by farmers, increasing area under cultivation, lack of budget and sufficient funds to the agricultural sector, warm weather in recent years, reduced rainfall in recent years, recent droughts, traditional irrigation system (flooding) Lack of facilities (such as loans to change the irrigation system), digging illegal wells in the area and improper water consumption culture were the most important obstacles to water protection from the perspective of farmers. Therefore, in order to get out of this problem, the identified factors were classified and analyzed in the form of 6 mechanisms: human, mental, environmental, supportive, regulatory, legal, and economic.

Although economic growth and development in different countries has increased economic prosperity, but also environmental pollution threatens human life. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting air pollution by emphasizing the emission of carbon dioxide in among the countries of the ECO region from 2000 to 2018 with an emphasis on financial development. To investigate the effect of financial development on environmental pollution, the Panel Data econometric method has been used and the model coefficients have been estimated with Eviews 10 software. The dependent variable of the research is the amount of carbon dioxide emissions in terms of tons per year and the independent variable is the combined index of financial development. Two control variables including GDP and energy consumption are also included in the model. In the long run, the effect of financial development on carbon dioxide emissions in the ECO countries is positive and significant. Also, the effects of GDP and energy consumption on carbon dioxide emissions are positive and significant. The coefficient of determination of the model is equal to 98%, which indicates the high descriptive power of the model. Although increasing the level of economic activity increases welfare in different societies, but given that increasing the level of economic activity, especially industrial activity, increases the emission of carbon dioxide and biodegradation. یEnvironment in ECO member countries, economic policy makers of these countries should work together to implement the necessary policies and strategies to control and reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other environmental pollutants.

Acquiring and using knowledge resources is essential for companies to implement green supply chain management and help companies understand market information, government policies and customer needs, and perform technological innovations and product design and development to maintain their competitive advantage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of knowledge search and knowledge creation on green supply chain management with the moderating role of knowledge utilization and the mediating role of green self-efficacy. The present study was conducted among 135 companies in Yasuj industrial towns. The results show that knowledge search and knowledge production with path coefficients of 0.316 and 0.368 have a positive effect on green supply chain management and encourage companies to implement green supply chain management. Green self-efficacy plays a mediating role between knowledge seeking with a path coefficient of 0.175   and knowledge production with a path coefficient of 0.338 and green supply chain management. Also, knowledge production and application with path coefficients of 0.650 and 0.584 has a moderating role in the relationship between knowledge seeking and green self-efficacy.

The growing demands for nanotechnology in recent years have resulted in the environmental release of nanomaterials. The aim of the present study was to synthesize graphene oxide-based nanoparticles using an aqueous extract of green macroalgae and evaluate their toxicity against Chaetoceros muelleri microalgae as an important live feed in mariculture. In a laboratory study, first, the biosynthesis process of graphene nanoparticles was performed using the aqueous extract of the green alga Ulva flexuosa and then the anti-algae activity was evaluated and the content of photosynthetic pigments and microalgae protein was determined. The results of characterization analyses of graphene oxide reduction with the aqueous extract of the green alga U. flexuosa and its conversion to graphene were confirmed. Evaluation of the anti-algae activity of the studied samples showed that the reduced graphene oxide has a higher anti-algae activity than graphene oxide. The results also showed that with increasing the concentration of synthesized nanoparticles, the content of photosynthetic pigments and proteins decreased. The toxic effects of the released nanoparticles can damage the stocks of C. muelleri as an important live feed in mariculture.

Today, with the rapid growth of the economy and the development of urban communities, we are witnessing an intensification of the conflict between the resources used by humans. Therefore, awareness of the capacity of available resources in order to achieve the goals of planning is an undeniable necessity. On the other hand, the increasing trend of pollutant production is a major challenge in the planning process. Therefore, in this study, in addition to examining the resources available at the urban level, human-produced pollutants are also considered. Among these, water resources and the pressure applied to water resources are considered as a key factor. This helps to form strategies for achieving sustainable development. This helps to form strategies for achieving sustainable development. In this research, we try to describe the range of Urban environment carrying capacity Condition the province based on resources as a basis for construction and management of residential areas, which means sustainable housing. In fact, assessing the carrying  capacity of urban environment resources leads to awareness of sustainability and increases the link between human activities and urban sustainability. Due to the high importance of resources in the issue of sustainability and the existing and increasing problems of Tehran province, in this study we have tried to estimate the carrying capacity of the province with emphasis on water resources of the province. In this study, the criteria are divided into two groups of carrier and load. Carriers have been studied from three dimensions of water facilities, water supply and environmental and the load caused by human activity in the sectors of water consumption and production wastewater, socio-economic and pollution in the two sectors of waste and air. Shannon entropy method has been used to weight the indices. Finally, using the interaction of loads to carriers, the carrying  capacity of Tehran province was estimated. According to the obtained results and with the available reports related to the existing conditions in Tehran province, it was determined that among the indicators related to water supply carrier, which has been considered as a key factor in this study, The groundwater resources index, the value of which is determined by the weight of 0.0086, is the most important. According to the results of the carrying capacity related to the interaction of loads with carriers, respectively, carriers of water resources with the amount of 23.748 the highest available capacity, then carriers of the environment of 6.5663 and finally carriers of water facilities as the lowest capacity of Tehran province. There are three carriers with a value of 3.7092.Finally, the numerical value of the total carrying capacity of Tehran province based on the specified indicators is 34.0235. In future studies, if the data and information related to other provinces are completed by implementing the method used in this study for other provinces, it will be possible to compare the values of carrying capacity at the national level, The results can help to improve the planning process based on comparisons between provinces.