فصلنامه مطالعات فرهنگی اجتماعی خراسان
سال شانزدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 64، تابستان 1401)

The quality of the physical components that make up urban spaces and their relationship with the feeling of security, provides vitality in urban spaces. This article aims to identify the physical components in the quality of feeling safe in Moallem and Pasdaran streets of Birjand city. Physical indicators of optimal urban space that affect the sense of security of citizens, according to the model of sustainable space, including performance (access and space connections, access to public transport, land use mixing, road network quality, sidewalk safety for groups Specific, nightlife and quality of building structure), experimental_ cognitive_ aesthetics (readability, quality, and quantity of urban furniture, appropriate space lighting, environmental pollution, scale and confinement of space, visual permeability, quality of space painting, the hierarchy of open spaces, observance The hierarchy between public and private spaces is the visual order in the facade of buildings and property) and the environment (vegetation, the sound of people asking for help). the extracted indicators were evaluated through a questionnaire. 120 questionnaires were provided to space users and the results were analyzed using SPSS software using Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression. The findings showed that the intensity of the impact of public transportation access indicators, nightlife, land use mixing, adequate space lighting, environmental pollution and space accesses and connections in Moallem Street and quality network indicators of passages, building structure quality, permeability Visual, legibility and environmental pollution in Pasdaran alleys are more important for space users in terms of security. One of the effective measures to increase the sense of security and dynamism of Pasdaran Street is to use the potential of Vahdat Park and Quds Square to establish round-the-clock activities in their area.

Jamshid Jamshidian (Arbab Jamshid), the first Zoroastrian representative in the National Assembly, was a great merchant and money changer of the late Qajar period. He began his career as a laborer in the sewing industry and gradually became the great and wealthy money changer of his time. Jamshidian's trading house had branches in most of the big cities of Iran and different countries. Due to the size of the Jamshidian exchange activity, it was also known as JamshidiBankJamshidian played a major role in Iran's domestic and global credit and financial exchanges. The huge profits from this large volume of trade and exchange exchanges led to Jamshidian's investment in real estate in Tehran and other cities, amounting to 37 settlements throughout Iran. Among them, Jamshidian's property was in the villages of Salami and Sedeh.The present articleaimsto analyze and explain the ownership of the two regions of Salami and Sedeh by Arbab Jamshid and after that, tries to answer the question of ownership and tax issues and how to receive taxes in the two mentioned regions.The result of the research indicates that the economic benefits of the region have doubled the value of the property and its productivity, and have made merchants and large money-changers such as Arbab Jamshid eager to invest and own lands in Salami and Sedeh.These decisions took place while the assessment, collection, and follow-up of taxes in the region were disarranged and subject to climatic conditions, depending on the decisions of the rulers and administrators. At the same time, the evolution of tax laws had been irregular and sometimes regressive.

In archaeology rock art is human-made markings placed on natural surfaces, typically vertical stone surfaces. A high proportion of surviving historic and prehistoric rock art is found in caves or partly enclosed rock shelters; this type also may be called cave art or parietal art. A global phenomenon, rock art is found in many culturally diverse regions of the world. In Iran, evidence of rock art can be seen in most mountainous areas where nomadic or herding life takes place. The collection of ancient lithographs of Kalsir, Sir Khordoo and Mohadava are located in the northeastern region of Iran, in the city of Torqabeh Shandiz. In this area, there are a large number of petroglyphs with various subjects, and the study of these works, considering their antiquity, can reveal the dark aspects of the life of the inhabitants of this area. Since these motifs are related to livelihood, studying these motifs can reconstruct aspects of the life of the primitive inhabitants of this region. This field has a valuable rock art that has been related to each other due to the similarity of the designs. In this study, the study of rock motifs of "Shandiz Torqabeh Collection" has been done with the aim of identifying and addressing the causes and reasons for drawing rock motifs and the content analysis and matching method has been used. The data of this research have been collected from the field survey method and library studies. The results of this study indicate that the motifs are in three groups: human, animal and symbolic.

In today's societies due to the spread of information technology, the difference between the experiences of the current generation and the previous generation, we see the emergence of new lifestyles in society that can lead to social harm due to non-compliance with Islamic values ​​and norms of Iranian society. Modern was one of the second-year female students in Birjand with a view to social harms.It was done using the survey method and a questionnaire. The research population consists of 16-18 year old female students in Birjand in the academic year 1399. The sample size was determined by Cochran's formula, 360 people and stratified and cluster sampling methods were selected. Data were collected through researcher-made questionnaires of modern lifestyle and standard orientation to structured social harms of Timur Tash.To analyze the research data, correlation coefficient tests with spss24 software and confirmatory factor analysis with Amos25 software were used. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated and evaluated using Cronbach's alpha method, based on which the coefficient of research variables and its dimensions was more than 0.7. The inferential statistics of the relationship between the research variables were measured and the relationship of all variables was confirmed. That is, the results of Pearson correlation and structural equations showed that there is a significant and direct relationship between modern-lifestyle and attitudes toward social harms.The results showed that one of the main components that increase social harms in society is the modern-lifestyle adopted by adolescents and young people and the results of the present study support the relationship between these two variables; In other words, the more girls tend to adopt a modern lifestyle, the more likely they are to develop harmful behaviors. Using Amos25 software and drawing the model, the amount of dependent variable changes was explained by independent variables.

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of organizational self-esteem in the relationship between social undermining and organizational silence. Method of research was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the study included 323 faculty members of Birjand University in the academic year of2017-2018. The sample size was estimated at 175 people using Morgan table and their selection was done using simple random. In order to measure the organizational silence variable, the questionnaire Vendine et al. (2003) used the Duffy questionnaire (2002) to measure social undermining and Peers et al (1989) questionnaire was used to measure organizational self-esteem. The reliability of the questionnaires was verified using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and was 0/93,0/95 and 0/96. Data analysis was performed at descriptive and inferential levels (Pearson correlation, analysis of variance and structural equation modeling). It was done with the help of SPSS and Amos software. The results showed that the relationships between research variables were significant at the level of 0.05 . So by increasing a standard deviation in the score of social undermining, organizational silence will increase by 0.27 standard deviation and by increasing a standard deviation in organizational self-esteem. , Organizational silence 0.34 - Standard deviation will be reduced. In addition, organizational self-esteem plays a mediating role between social undermining and organizational silence. The pattern of structural equations had a good fit and all the fit indices of the pattern were in the acceptable range. According to the research findings, it can be said that, since abrasive behaviors lead to an increase in unhealthy behaviors and thus reduce positive and constructive interactions, so organizations, including universities, need to reduce and eliminate this Behaviors try.

One of the important topics in the study of local history of Khorasan is research on the economic history of Khorasan . Due to the importance of such research, the present article is dedicated to the study of Mashhad businesses in the Pahlavi era. Based on the objectives of the research in this article, the commercial activities of Mashhad businesses and the various functions of traders have been analyzed and studied. This research is descriptive - analytical and is based on the archival documents of Astan Quds and the National Library and some local documents. The results of this study indicate the connections and interactions of Mashhad businesse s with other cities in the country such as Tehran, Rasht, Yazd, Birjand, as well as trade relations and their exchanges with businesses such as Russia and Germany . In addition, the findings of this study show that Mashhad businesses in the study period, in addition to commercial functions, have various functions in social areas, including the participation of businessmen in social affairs and everything related to the welfare of Mashhad citizens. An example of this function can be seen in the construction of schools, mosques and baths, houses, stairs, caravanserais, etc., which participated. Among the political functions, we can mention the protesting letters of the merchants to the government and the organized efforts of the merchants and bazaars to form the Bar Association, establish the council, participate in anti-authoritarian groups such as the National Front, the Freedom Movement, and so on.