نشریه پژوهش های ادبی
پیاپی 75 (بهار 1401)

The rules and limitations of the genre change the hint and organize it in accordance with the communication norms of the new text. The purpose of this article is to compare the communication aspects of allusion in lyrical texts (sonnets) and didactic texts (Bustan) to examine the requirements of literary and genre norms governing literary texts. The tendency of lyrical texts to emotional allusions against the prominence of persuasive allusions in educational texts, the author-centered allusions in lyrical versus the audience-centered allusions in educational texts, the orientation of lyrical allusions towards the metaphorical pole of language versus the prominence of the most important The genre alludes to the communication functions in these works.

Mikhail Bakhtin considered popular literature to be the most suitable field for the emergence of carnival thinking. The distinctive feature of this thought is the disruption of the dominant discourse on traditional literature through the transformation of language and values in literary works. This article tries to analyze Iranian folk tales from this point of view. For this purpose, seven collections of Iranian folk tales have been analyzed in a descriptive-analytical way. The prominent features of carnival literature, such as freely raising issues related to the material life of human life Like eating, drinking, birth, marriage, and finally death as a natural process of life - and not a tragic and catastrophic thing - are important elements of carnival and grotesque thinking, which are discussed in this essay. The result of this research shows how different personality types are in conflict with each other in the stories, and with the transformation of superior and inferior levels, the discourse of dominance collapses. In these narrations, by breaking the norms of power in the society, the possibility of multi-voices is provided in the stories, which is one of the distinct characteristics of carnival literature. Also, the use of free language, without moral restrictions, which includes unusual words, profanity, and unusual words, helps to create a humorous atmosphere of the carnival.

Text annotation has been one of the scientific and literary traditions of Muslims. Annotation has long been a common method in the development of scientific and literary thought in the field of Iranian culture, both by the author himself and by the author's students or critics. Text annotation accelerated from the eighth century AH and in the Qajar era, annotation on jurisprudential texts became common in seminaries. Annotation on contemporary poetry is a strange and uncommon practice that has little history in contemporary Persian literature. Mehdi Akhavan Sales is a prolific and rare poet in this field due to his talent, vast studies, upbringing in the cultural sphere (domain) of Khorasan and familiarity with Persian and Arabic literary texts. He has written various, humorous, informative and delicate Annotations on his poetry. According to this research, the main reason for this is to demystify. This research has been done by an analytical-descriptive method and seeks to find the reasons for the excessive tendency of Mehdi Akhavan Sales to the tradition of self-annotation.

Being, time, and existential phenomenology are concepts which can indicate the existentialist reflections of literary works. In this paper, the reflection of these concepts in Shamse Langroodi's poetry is examined. The results show that these three major existential concepts are strongly reflected in his poems. He, along with observing artistic logic, also reflected his existentialist concerns. Other related concepts which can be found beside these central concepts in the poems include: the primacy of being over nature, world, being-in-the-world, temporality, historicity, intentionality, and hermeneutics. Given the fundamental concepts of existentialism in Shamse Langrood's poetry, one can claim that there are some existentialist approaches in his poetry and expect other major existential concepts to be reflected.

In this study, the character of Wahab in the novel "House of the Idrisians" has been investigated based on the theory of Jeffrey Young. The character of Wahab is analyzed based on the early maladaptive schemas and it is shown how the early maladaptive schemas affect Wahhab's perception of himself and others and how control Wahhab reaction to the environmental events. This article has tried to identify the most important causes of incompatible schemas in the character of the Wahhab and to determine which incompatibility schemas are more pronounced in Wahhab character. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and the research data have been investigated using content analysis and documentary method. The results showed that the most important causes of the emergence of incompatibility schemas in Wahab are carelessness and neglect of her since his birAth, thus the most important emotional need, which includes the need for security, stability, love and acceptance, has not been satisfied in him. Among the five main schematic domains divided by Young, the second aspect" autonomy and impaired functioning" is more significant in the character of Wahhab and this aspect has emerged in the character of Wahab in the form of" dependency and undeveloped self, entangled and defeated".

The story of Aziz and Ghazal (1914), written by Seyed Ashraf al-Din Hosseini Gilani, known as Nasim-Shomal, is a  not well known romance in which is narrated the love story of two Aleppo lovers from two hostile families. The content similarity of  this story with Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare's play encouraged us to review and analyze the similarities and differences between the two works by considering the adaptation theories as well as the analysis of common style and context in translations and adaptations of Qajar era. The descriptive-analytical study of this story and the many content and structural similarities between the two works assumed that Aziz and Ghazal have been a free adaptation of Shakespeare's tragedy, but since there is no evidence that Seyed AShraf al-Din was fluent in English, it seems that he  has achieved translations of Romeo and Juliet, then he has created Romeo and Juliet for satisfaction of Iranian readers by using the style of adaptive translations of his time such as adding poetry to prose, using proverbs and sometimes slang catchphrase and socio-cultural discourse.