نشریه دین و قانون
سال نهم شماره 31 (بهار 1400)

Attending to the seventeenth paragraph of the ‘General Policies of the Legislative System’ on ‘Promoting and institutionalizing the culture of observance, compliance with and respect for the law and turning it into a public demand’, the present study seeks to find the answer to the following question: What are the reasons for honoring the law (respect for law) in human societies? The question requires attention to both affirmative and negative dimensions of the issue. In the positive dimension, it deals with the factors that including them in laws and policies can lead to observing and respecting the law, and in the negative dimension, it deals with the causes and factors that reduce the sanctity of the law and diminishes the obedience to law. In the affirmative dimension, factors such as the need to include the basic principles and moral virtues in the law, fair legislative methods and procedures taken by the legislator, proper implementation of laws and improving the quality of public administration were taken into consideration. With regard to the negative dimension, some topics such as the side efects of exteremism in praising the law, the penetration of authoritarian customs, and the lack of civil rights as factors in stark contrast to respect for the law are discussed

One of the most important aspects of the rights of the elderly is the right to social security. Although social security is not limited to the elderly, it does play a key role in old age and retirement. Social security for the elderly is important in two areas: paying pensions and paying for treatment. This article, in a descriptive-analytical manner, while explaining the legal system governing the social security of the elderly, examines the most important concerns related to this issue. To explain the dimensions of the right to social security in the system of the rights of the elderly, while examining the provisions of international documents and applicable norms in the Iranian legal system, the study analyzes two important issues of the elderly i.e., "compulsory retirement age" and "better payment of pensions and treatment costs". According to the findings of this article, the government in the coming years and based on the needs of the elderly community, in addition to raising the retirement age in the system of employment law and that of the labor law, should prepare requirements for the people to take advantages of multiple income sources in their old age.

In the normal procedure of issuing the abortion license, the Legal Medicine Organization is recognized as responsible for this matter. However, the laws and regulations having been passed over the years regarding the duties of the Legal Medicine Organization in issuing abortion licenses and the authority of this organization in this matter have remained ambiguous in signifying the duties. The Single Article Act of therapeutic abortion that has been the basis of the action of the Legal Medicine Organization in issuing abortion licenses from 2005 to 2022, had a fundamental failure in terms of both the nature of the responsibility of the organization and its authority in issuing abortion licenses. With the approval of Protection of Family and Youth of Population Law in (2022) and the abrogation of the Single Article Act of therapeutic abortion based on Article (73) of this law, the legislator in Article (56) of the latter law could not resolve the above ambiguity, either; and thus, left the authority (source) of issuing the abortion license even more seriously uncertain between the Legal Medicine Organization and the judicial courts of the country, so that need for immediate correction and review is crucial.

Protecting people against enforced disappearances was briefly enshrined in some international human rights treaties and instruments, including UN General Assembly resolutions. Until the "International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance" was opened for signature in Paris on February 6, 2007 and entered into force on 23 December 2010. The main focus of this article is to examine the obligations of member states, including the criminalization of disappearances, the prosecution and trial of those accused of committing this crime, the lack of secret detention and transparent information about protected persons and compliance with these laws and regulations of Iranian domestic law. From the present study, it is concluded that in most cases, Iranian law is not in conflict with the above obligations and vice versa in many cases there is compliance. Specifically, similar laws apply to the human rights requirements set out in the Convention, including the absence of secret, unlawful and arbitrary detention, the need for a fair trial free from torture, the right to family information and the right of access to a lawyer and compensation in Iran. There are, but specifically and directly, no laws have been enacted regarding the criminalization of this offense and the prosecution of offenders. Finally, with proper legislation, the necessary alignment with the obligations set out in the Convention can be established.

In the context of religion and original Islam, woman is considered as a sacred being and an individual who has the ability to evolve continually, and thus some of the laws, from which some degradation of women is induced, are facing numerous problems for each of which there exist an appropriate answer demonstrating that none of them has the ability to prove the rulings of Islam on the humiliation of women. By examining the original Islamic texts and first-rate Muslim scholars, the present study has answered such doubts. Unquestionably, women have a special place in Islam, and thus accusing Islam of having an instrumental view toward women as well as accusing Islam of lacking enough pertinent religious texts in the discussion of understanding religion is a completely-fabricated entity by the ill-wishers and claimants of Islamic thought

Regrettably, production and productivism in our country face some vague and sometimes complex obstacles and problems. Many of these obstacles are rooted in the socio-economic structure of Iran, and despite all the efforts that have been made so far to boost production, as a strong obstacle, this structure has always closed the way for national production to flourish. Definitely, by removing some obstacles we can see products flourish and create the ground for sustainable productivity and employment. This research addresses some of these obstacles and problems and present some suggestions to remove them. The qualitative method of research with the general purpose of examining barriers and production problems is employed. After identifying the most important challenges on the way of production, the study classifies some indicators and criteria as the main ones and some others as sub-indicators. Then, to prioritize them, it uses a pairwise comparison using a questionnaire. The analysis of the experts' opinions was performed using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique and using Expert choice software and the priority of each of them was determined. The research findings showed that inflation, widespread imports and smuggling of goods, and finally the banking system are the most important barriers to production, respectively. Finally