نشریه مطالعات جامعه شناختی
پیاپی 59 (پاییز و زمستان 1400)

The purpose of the present study is conducted is understanding the existence of street hawkers in urban spaces. Conventional research on street hawking has always been held in a pathological framework with the purpose of policy making and organization, while the understanding of the existence and nature of the street hawker, and his relationship with the form of social relations in space, has received less attention. Hence, dealing with street hawking is trapped in a cycle of organization, legislation, and policy-making that often fails. The main idea of this study is that the existence of the street hawker can be explained by Simmel's stranger due to its spatial features, and it is tied to a kind of externality, borderline and fluidity. Therefore, his/her existence and presence is always a place of conflict and tension; because it establishes a relationship between the logic of interests, space and power. The method of the research is a combination of documentary and ethnographic studies. By examining a set of approvals and laws as well as conducting ethnographic interviews in the Valiasr crossroad, an attempt has been made to analyze the social and spatial existence of the street hawker in this area and to present a different conceptual formulation of the street hawker as the stranger.

In his sociology of art, Marcuse seeks to provide a theoretical answer to Freud's transhistorical hypothesis of the rational refusal to form a non-repressive civilization; a hypothesis according to which, domination of the principle of reality over the realm of desire in general, is an unchangeable destiny in the processes of civilization. Marcuse, however, tries to show that the antagonistic relationship between desire and reality is not a definite thing, but merely a changeable historical situation. By relativizing Freudian assumptions, he visualizes the beginning of a historical transformation dominated by the principle of performance in contemporary civilization, in which alienated work can be replaced by an alternative form of work, aesthetic work; A procedure that, in turn, can transform the established principle of reality (the principle of performance) in favor of an alternative form of the principle of reality. Marcuse believes that art is a factor that can revolutionize the relationship between desire and reality. This revolutionary power of art is embedded in its aesthetic dimension (formatted content); a dimension itself is the product of the fantastic and imaginative knowledge of the work of art. In this way, Marcuse introduces the concept of psychoanalytic fantasy into his theory as a liberating element; A mechanism that, by its nature of performance, is able to reconcile desire and reality and reshape their relationship under an erotic principle of reality.

The fundamental study of science allows for a more accurate judgment and understanding of its application, way of thinking, and how it studies the world. This is very important that social analysis be base on which preconditions, foundations, and principles because it is able to determine the way of recognition, understanding, and analysis of social phenomena and their features. This article tries to investigate the social ontological foundations of nominalism and that what are its implications in social science, also includes the critique of these social ontological foundations. The research method is an analysis of foundations. Findings show nominalist social ontology is able to decline the social matter instead, amplify individualism discourse.  Moreover, it possible to critique the social ontology by rethinking Karl Popper’s triple worlds.

This article seeks to describe and analyze the nomadic in Zagros at the 13th century. The method is historical research and the technique of data collection is documentary. The findings show: 1. The nomads were one-third of Iranian society, and ignoring them has led to incomplete analyzes of Iranian history.2. The "thiol" as a system, in order to strengthen the central government and establish order in a paradoxical way, was the cause of decentralization and the disappearance of absolute sovereignty. 3. Due to public Rangeland ownership, private livestock ownership, high solidarity and military force, the tribes have always played a significant political role as a powerful force within Iranian society. 4. Although the unit of production was the household, they were not isolated and scattered, but within large communities such as the Hoz and the clan had extensive tribal-scale social relations. Also, sometimes several tribes formed a confederation together and became an effective force. 5. The central government had no absolute sovereignty and was located within a vast set of centers of power such as the semi-autonomous tribes. 6. Nomadism in coexistence with agriculture created a different socio-economic formulation than historiography suggests and this requires a new rereading to understand Iranian society.

The significant growth of smartphones and social media evolved crisis communications, and this has led the related businesses to pay more attention to it. Nevertheless, the full potential of these new technologies has not yet been used during crisis circumstances. In this policy-making paper, we first examine the citizen-centered models of crisis communication and recognize the primary ways to use social media and smartphones before, during, and after the crisis using the recent global experiences as well as theoretical foundations. We will then evaluate the new state of crisis communications in Iran and, in line with global experience in using social media and smartphones in crisis communications, provide solutions for using new technologies for crisis communications in Iran. 
Smartphones and social media developed horizontal, bottom-up, citizen-centered communication patterns, rather than directional patterns from top to bottom, in all situations, especially during crisis communication. Social media plays a vital role in managing crisis conditions in all three stages of before, during, and after the crisis. Iran's crisis management system uses one-sided communication patterns with the citizens included in the crisis, and the mass media are the primary sources of communication with people in crisis conditions. It is possible to use proper solutions in a crisis management system to employ smartphones, and social media in crisis situations, including policy-making to use new technologies, building social media accounts, online conversation, and using the applications of mobile phones, the integration of social media and traditional media and the improvement of the Internet and mobile infrastructure in all regions of the country.

The aim of the current research is to reconstruct the meaning of suicide from the perspective of women in Ilam province and by questioning this issue, it tries to present a comprehensive version of the problem of suicide in this country. The research paradigm is constructive and interpretive; The research approach is qualitative, the research strategy is grounded theory, and the research tactic is hidden content analysis. The field under study includes all women who committed suicide in the territory of Ilam province from the past until now. The method of selecting the subjects to be studied is based on purposive sampling and theoretical sampling. Purposive sampling is used to select the people to be studied and theoretical sampling is used to determine the number of people, i.e. the location of the required data and to find the path. The number of samples until the theoretical saturation stage was estimated to be 61 people. The data collection tool is a semi-structured interview that was conducted individually with the studied subjects. The data format is in audio format and for data analysis three stages of systematic coding of Strauss and Corbin were used and in the open coding stage 165 concepts were extracted and in the axial coding stage 12 subcategories and 28 categories were extracted. After comparing the categories of the research, the core category or the theory emerging from the categories was named as "the experience of modernity without a frame". Based on this theory, the unsteady modernity of the previous world caused turmoil in the society of Ilam and with its hasty entry into it, it provided the foundations of social and cultural division and became the source of social harms and injustices, of which the phenomenon of women's suicide is one of its examples.

This survey’s aim is to evaluate mechanisms and social outcomes of new-born spiritual communities in recent Iran. The main questions is that a) what procedures have been followed by these communities to reach their goals and b) what are the effects of these kind of communities on their members’ subjectivity and actions. Our methods are as following: participatory observation, deep interview, and documentary study. The survey taking place in the post-secularization paradigm which, as its conceptual framework, being focused on new religiosities, new religious movements, new spiritualisms and spiritualist communities.The findings of the survey show that Peyvandha (connections) as a spiritual community has become an external, objective and alien power over its followers by mechanisms such as making a charismatic spiritual leader and engineering of religious feelings. Its followers regard it as an extraordinary, supernatural and extra human phenomenon. Moreover, Peyvandha converts the individuals who supervision by it to normalized, docile and useful ‘subjects’ for social and economic organizations through regulative and supervisory procedures. Peyvandha, because of its anti-political dogma, has produce passive, a-critical, non-communicative and isolated ‘happy subject’ who do not believe or at least forget that there is something like society as a collective being right there which our humanity as a communicative entity constructed in and by it.

Depending on their professional responsibilities, scientific associations can play an important role in promoting the ethics of science, but this role of scientific associations has rarely received attention. In this manuscript, we investigated the measures and activities taken by scientific associations to promote the professional ethics in science in Iran. We then evaluated the effectiveness of these activities by surveying among scientific associations in humanities, engineering, agriculture, basic sciences, art and architecture, and interdisciplinary majors. Results showed that apart from the diversity in their majors, scientific associations in Iran desirably evaluate the effectiveness of diverse association activities to be very high with regard to promoting the ethics of science. In practice, however, these associations do not possess adequate activity regarding the improvement of the status of ethics in science. The ethics of science for many scientific associations in Iran is marginalized in practice, although it is not unknown.

Family in Iran has taken a different path from governmental documents and going on through the same path as modern families has gone in dissolution and instability. This paper due to this purpose has studied forty grand documents including seventeen from the supreme leader of Islamic Republic of Iran, six rules of economic, social and cultural development program and sixteen documents of Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution that shows the semantic stability of family. Semantic stability of family is based on paragon and unidentified family which figured out of hidden Idea and also unrecognized transformation of the agencies during these four decades. This leads Iranian policy makers to have a subjective image of family that has the least connection to the objective family in lived experience of social actors. That made these tow have conflict of interests and also lots of problems for family and its members.

Through the history , every social thinker , has centralized his works on a individualism or socialism or an interaction between them to integrate his thoughts . Dispersion and disunion caused by presence of numerous religions and sects in India conduced Iqbal -E- Lahori to find the oriental option and individuality overthrown as a result of colonization . Therefore, he established his thoughts on self - hood philosophy to revive dead authority and weakened self - awareness of the oriental . On the other hand Iqbal does not connive the society at all, but receive that as an undeniable fact and intend to make a significant connection between individual and society although it seems he overall prefer the individuality states to society . Library and documentary methods have been used in this research .Muhammad Iqbal -E- lahori , Socialism , Individualism , authority , Reconstruction of Religious Thought , Islam

This study is in pusuit of investigating the relationship between the use of cellphone and its effect on Couples’ secrecy in the family among married employees of Jahad Daneshgahi (University Jihad) of Babol and Jahad Keshavarzi (Agricultural Jihad) of Sari. The theoretical framework of this research is a synthesis of George Simmel's theories about secrecy, changing values, attitudes-norms and some other theories about mass media (Anthony Giddens and Gasser). This research is a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study. The study is done by a survey. The statistical society of the study consists of 670 married employees of Jahad Daneshgahi (University Jihad) of Babol and Jahad Keshavarzi (Agricultural Jihad) of Sari. According to Cochran's formula, 300 people were chosen as statistical sample. They are selected by simple random sampling. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. The reliability of the research is desirable (above 0.7) and the data were performed with SPSS software and path analysis modeling. Research findings showes that there is a significant relationship between the use of mobile facilities, couples’ trust, individualism, family doubts and negative impact of couples’ use of cellphone on their relationship with couples’ secrecy. The findings of the regression model showes that the variables of using mobile facilities and the negative impact of couples’ use of cellphone on their relationship has the biggest impact on couples’ secrecy. Independent dual variables explain 60 percent of the variations in the dependent variable of this research.

This article with analyzes the narration of 11 novels in the literature field of the Iran-Iraq war with the aim of understanding the narrative style (official and critical). It is obvious that with the start of the war between Iran and Iraq, Iranian writers started writing and wrote some novels in the genre of war literature, the first of these novels being "Scorched Earth" by Ahmad Mahmoud in1981, but what is thought-provoking and more important is that cultural institutions and it's centers without the necessary expertise of the complications and consequences that war can bring to the economy, culture, human resources and all infrastructures of a country, tried to The format of concepts such as "literature of sacred defense", by emphasizing the continuation of the official narrative style in the fiction genre, downplay the losses and consequences of the war. This type of view and perception of the s war caused questions to be raised. Therefore, in order to achieve the goals of this research, we adopted the theoretical approach of "Walter Fisher" in terms of (coherence and believability) to analyze the narrative of selected novels. In addition, considering that this research has been followed by analyzing the narrative of the novel, we have chosen the methodology in this research of a qualitative type and in an interpretive paradigm, which can be seen in the process of the work that the genre of war literature has experienced significant changes at different times. From this point of view, we see that as the eighties approach, the structure of the stories becomes more complicated and in the characterization, attention is paid to people who were affected by the consequences of the war. In addition, in the 80s, audiences are looking for the results and achievements of the eight-year war in the pages of these types of novels, and by moving away from the time of the war, we see changes in the approach of many writers of this literary genre, who wrote in the direction of critical narration. As a result, we can see that the critical narrative has had a better acceptance and position among the authors and the audience.