نشریه علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست
سال بیست و چهارم شماره 1 (پیاپی 116، فروردین 1401)

The reclaimed wastewater can be used as tool for compensation of water scarcity and control and reduce harvesting from deep and semi deep wells. Investigation on the effect of irrigation with Delijan reclaimed wastewater and well water for 5 years on soil carbon sequestration and growth of 7 hard woods trees species was the purpose of this study.

In the present study, seedlings were cultivated after ground preparing as a group at 3 × 3 m. spacing based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in March 2011. For determination of the effect irrigation type on soil carbon sequestration, in the fifth year, soil sampling was taken by drilling at soil five profiles from tree consecutive depths (0-30, 30-60 and 60-90 cm) under the crown of the trees. In evaluating the growth of hardwood tree species at the end of the fifth year, characteristics of height, collar diameter, canopy diameter, canopy cover area, percentage of survival and percentage of vitality were measured.

The results of the study on the amount of soil carbon sequestration in different depths showed that irrigation with reclaimed wastewater increased the organic carbon content of the soil, which it’s the highest content is in the depth of 60-90 cm of soil. Among the species planted, in irrigation with well water, the highest height was in species of Ailanthus altissima and collar diameter, canopy diameter, canopy cover area, and percentage of vitality were in species of Melia azedarach. In irrigation with reclaimed wastewater, there were the highest height in species of Robinia pseudoacacia, diameter of collar in species of Elaeagnus angustifolia, canopy cover diameter and canopy cover area in species of M. azedarach and vitality in two species of M. azedarach and Celtis australis. There were the lowest percentage of survival in species of Acer negundo in both of irrigation system.

The main effect of irrigation type did not show significant statistical difference. Species of A. negundo was more susceptible to water supply and soil conditions and was not suitable for planting in this area. Species of M. azedarach is the most consistent in the present study.

One of the key factors in the conservation and development of urban green space is use of available water resource in each region according to the characteristics of green space in this paper providing of water for boeen-zahra's green space irrigation has been studied.

First available water resources were determined then questionnaires completed by experts, and the effective criteria in the decision-making process of water resources selection were weighed using AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) method. Finally, the best option was selected using the preferential prioritization method to enrich the evaluations (Promethee).

The results of AHP method in Expert Choice software indicated that the weight of technical, practical and managerial criteria were higher than other options and water resources of municipal garden wells with miscellaneous wells were selected as the best option. In the second stage, the weights and scores obtained from the criteria and options of the first part, were selected and ranked as input to the Decision Lab 2000 software, and in this stage, the result obtained was confirmed in the first stage.

The present study indicates that technical, practical, managerial and environmental criteria are the most important factors in choosing the type of water source for irrigation of green space. In other words, in choosing the right water resources, achieving standards, hydraulic shock resistance, no need for advanced technology to control, system efficiency, are the parameters that are most considered.

in order to address the problems and problems of city monuments, the urban knowledge is obliged to replace it in a creative and creative way to recreate it. Therefore, future futures studies have emerged as a new paradigm for long - term view on issues facing cities, with the aim of responding to unpredictable problems, futures futures and desirable futures in recent decades. In this regard, the present study attempts to formulate the optimal scenarios of creative regeneration of the city of gorgan city.
Material and

in this study, first with the environment scan and Delphi method, 40 primary factors are extracted in four different social - cultural fields, management and planning, physical factors and economic factors, and then by using the Delphi method. In the next step, using structural analysis in MICMAC software has been attempted to analyze the matrix.

Based on the results of the Wizard Scenario, Scenario Nos. (2, 3, 4, 6, 11, 12, 14, 15 and 16) are obtained as static or unbelievable scenarios. The historical context of Gorgan is imaginable.

Thus, in the short term (1404), the scenario of gradual decline in the quality of historical texture in Gorgan, with the short-term improvement of management factors and the decline of economic factors, is the most likely scenario, but in the long-term future, the cross-sectional improvement of management factors and policy inefficiencies may provide the opportunity to enhance economic factors. Do not allow this scenario to move to a disaster scenario.

Several studies have been done to measure the concentration of heavy metals in vegetables, but so far, research on the determination of heavy metals in spinach and soil vegetation in upstream and downstream of the Ramin power plant using inductively coupled plasma - Optical emission spectroscopy has not been performed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of cadmium, lead, and nickel in spinach and soil harvested from upstream and downstream fields of Ramin Power Plant.
Material and 99 vegetable and soil samples were collected. After chemical digestion (for soil using EPA 3050 and for plant using Jackson, 1980), preparation was performed by the ICP-OES induction plasma coupling device. Then, the results were analyzed using SPSS20 software.
The results showed that concentrations of Cd, Pb and Ni in spinach and the soil bottom of the plant were 17.76, 20.89 and 43.68 mg / kg, 0.09, 0.1, 2.52 mg / kg, respectively. And in the spinach and the upper soil of the Ramin power plant were measured 6.81, 17.94 and 28.38 mg / kg, 0.88, 0.8 and 1.85 mg / kg respectively, which according to the standard limit. Concentration of cadmium, nickel and lead in spinach was higher and in soil below standard level. The concentration of all three metals in all vegetable samples was higher than the standard standard. The general pattern of concentrations of metals in vegetables and soil is Ni> Pb> Cd.
Discussion and Considering the high concentration of heavy metals in spinach herb and the impact of atmospheric dry atmospheric precipitation in the region, focusing on the potential risk of heavy metals contamination for food safety and human health in agricultural soils and upstream and downstream Ramin power plants it is very necessary.

Improper development of city, changes in socio-economic structure, mismatch of adjacent areas and inattention of urban management to historical areas on one hand and the opportunity for proper development and investment around the city on the other hand, have led to declining quality of life in historical neighborhoods and excluding from urban development process. Versus, returning to infill development principle and revitalization of lost urban spaces by creating attractiveness in historical contexts could be a stimulus for development of these areas. In this regard, implementation of urban catalyst projects in urban historical contexts is inevitable. This applied research seeks to explain and prioritize lay outing criteria of urban catalyst project in historical contexts. For this purpose, historical context of region 12 of Tehran despite of its valuable historical potential was selected in the center of old city of Tehran.

This research is descriptive-analytical and uses Fuzzy Network Analysis (FANP) method to prioritize criteria. Thus, after studying the theoretical fundamental of research by documentary-library method, appropriate criteria for lay outing urban catalyst project were weighted by factor analysis method and entered in the Super Decisions software for evaluation.

findings show that pedestrian priority, job creation and capital attraction are the most important criterion among the criteria for lay outing urban catalyst projects in the historical context of region 12 of Tehran. Also, the least importance was given to improving public transportation, reviving cultural and historical heritage and environmental quality criteria.

 It could be concluded that facilitating pedestrian movement and creating employment play a significant role in lay outing urban catalyst project in historical context. Unlike popular belief that revitalization of cultural and historical heritage is the most important factor in stimulating the historical area, this criterion was ranked among the least important criteria.

Updated information in quantitative and qualitative properties of forests are useful in describing ecosystem sustainability, and designing management and conservative plans. According to importance of canopy cover parameter in the Zagros region and cost and time consuming processes of field measurement methods, in this study performance of remote sensing and geostatistics techniques to estimate forest canopy cover of Baghan region, Marivan city, were investigated.

 First, the number of 89 plots (each 0.1 Hectare) were selected based on random sampling method. In each plot, information of tree crown and center geographic coordinates of that plot were recorded. Remote sensing method was carried out using Landsat satellite images (TM) and multiple linear regression model. After image processing, spectral values of the corresponding field plots were extracted from the original images and synthetic bands composed of vegetation indices and principle component analysis. In geostatistic method, the estimation was performed using ordinary kriging from a fitted exponential model to the semivariogram.

 The calculated variograms of canopy cover showed relatively strong spatial autocorrelation fitted by exponential models and cross-validation results showed an unbiased estimation of canopy estimation. Compared with the remote sensing method (with R2= 0/52 and RMSE= 16/47), the results indicated that Kriging model (RMSE= 9.21, R2= 0.69) showed a more accurate estimation of forest canopy cover.

The results showed that geostatistics techniques can be used as an efficient tool for mapping the forest canopy in the same regions (Zagros Forest).

Noise is an adverse factor in the living environments of today’s communities. This type of pollution has drawn attention to itself in the three recent decades, being a major problem in larger cities and seen as one of the significant environmental problems, blood pressure leading to cardiovascular disorders.

The paper studied Tehran, Iran. The study areas consisted of Tajrish Square, Tohid and Sattarkhan crossroads, Hakim Freeway and Hemmat Freeway of Tehran. The study areas were selected based on their traffic and urban importance. The survey measured sound levels, road slope, road width, traffic, and land use (residential, commercial, administrative, and green space).  In the field method, noise pollution level was measured using a sound level meter. Due to the role of traffic parameters, slope and residential, commercial, office and green space usage parameters, the parameters were recorded for each map of harvest. The spatial and temporal dependencies were extracted using "Agglomerative hierarchical clustering" and "principal components analysis".

The results indicate the critical significance of urban traffic in noise pollution, as by a large difference it had the highest contribution to noise level, followed by green space, administrative, and commercial land use; road width, and road slope.

It is recommended that for future roads or revamping the existing ones, more lanes be implemented to produce wider roads, prevent the construction of tall buildings on the sided of main roads, and maintaining a standard distance between buildings and main roads, freeways, and other motorways.

The wastewater obtained from sugar production cannot be naturally degraded due to the presence of various color precursors, colored impurities, lime carbonation sludge and other organic impurities. In this study, optimization of the effective parameters for the sugar industry wastewater treatment is investigated using photo- Fenton process and response surface methodology.

 This empirical research was conducted on a laboratory scale on refined wastewater obtained from sugar beet factory (Qazvin, Iran), in ternms of the intensity of contamination, considering the reduction of the three factors including COD, phenolic, and color content using the advanced oxidation process (photo- Fenton process). In order to optimize the ocndions for wastewater treatment, the results of these experiments wre ultimately optimized by response surface methodology.

The results obtained that the optimal condition for color and phenolic removal were: pH of 6.1' reaction time 15 minutes' Fenton's reagent (Fe2+/H2O2) concentrations: 20/1500 of ppm. Under these conditions, the color and phenolic reduction were achieved 73.92% and 93.9%, respectively.

The photo- Fenton process has a good efficacy in treating the sugar industry wastewater in the removal of important pollution parameters such as color impurities, phenolic compounds, and COD.Also, the statistical results showed that the pH parameter, Fenton's reagent concentration and contact time were significant during treatment process (p<0.05).

Heavy metals cases are threatening the health of ecosystems. Accumulation of metals in the soil allows them to plant crops and thus increases the risk of agriculture crops health. The goal of this research was conducted to evaluate zinc stress resistance for Pharagmites australis in greenhouse conditions.

Experimental design was performed in an entirely randomized plan having two factors and three replications, 2016 at University of Jiroft. Digestion and preparation of samples were done by dry burning method and then Zinc concentration was measured by atomic absorption.

Greenhouse experiments results showed that with increasing in metal concentration treatments, its absorbing with shoot and root were increased. However, impressive accumulation of zinc was in root and its translocation and accumulation in shoot has been reported much less.

With absorb and accumulate of metals in root, ability of plant growth was decreased with changes in physiological characteristics. Results of regression analysis showed concentration increasing of zinc in P. australis organs under these metal stress condition were fitted as a quadratic function with R2 >90 (p<0.01). In summary results of this research show high relatively resistant of P. australis to zinc stress as necessary metal in plants, high accumulation capacity for metal in its root organ and low heavy metal translocation factor.

Waste and municipal waste management is a major concern in any society and in this regard, the role and participation of citizens is very important. The purpose of this study is to design a model for impact of consumer attitude and awareness on the intention to participate in the electronic waste collection system.

The present study is an applied study in terms of purpose and a case study in terms of method.After extracting the structures from theoretical foundations and articles, to finalize them from 25 people Experts were consulted. Also, to validate the research model, a sample of 384 citizens of Tehran was selected. A standard questionnaire with a reliability of 0/968 was used to collect data. The model validation method is Bayesian structural equations which was implemented in AMOS 26 software.

Findings showed that environmental factors, mental norm, economic stimulus,infrastructure and attitude from Yang Ko et al. (2017) model are effective on citizens' participationintention. Also, the variables of personal education, responsibility and publicity that were identifiedfrom the article of Tavakoli Nia et al. (2017) were approved by experts. Among the identified factors,the highest impact was related to environmental factors with an impact rate of about 85%.

The results show that environmental factors, mental norms and attitudesaffect the infrastructure and economic stimulus and also through these two variables affect theintention of citizen participation and have an indirect effect. Finally, publicity and accountabilitythrough environmental factors influence the intention of citizen participation. In addition, the resultsshow that the infrastructure facilitates the conversion of subjective norms and attitudes to intentions,which shows that lack of access to electronic waste collection infrastructure, reduces the impact ofsubjective norms and attitudes on intention.