فصلنامه دامپزشکی ایران
سال هجدهم شماره 75 (تابستان 1401)

Lycopene pigment is one of the most important carotenoids in terms of antioxidant functions and desirable effect on immune-related processes due to the longest hydrocarbon chain among carotenoids with eleven double bonds. Therefore, the present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of lycopene pigment on biochemical, immunity and enzymatic hemolymph parameters of the oriental river prawn. In this research, two hundred and twenty-five prawns with mean weight of 1.40±0.07 gram were fed by five dietary treatments and three replications including different levels of lycopene zero (control), 50, 100, 150 and 200 milligrams lycopene per kilogram diet for fifty-six days. At the end of the culture period, after collecting the hemolymph of the studied prawns, biochemical, immunity and hemolymph enzymes parameters of the samples were evaluated by experimental kits, ELISA reader instrument and optical microscope. The results of the study showed that the biochemical, immunity and enzymatic parameters of prawn hemolymph were affected by different levels of lycopene pigment. With increasing dietary lycopene levels, the biochemical indices of albumin and total protein of prawn hemolymph increased significantly while cortisol levels decreased. Immunity parameters such as total hemocyte count, granular cells, semi-granular cells and hyaline cells, also increased significantly with increasing dietary lycopene. Hemolymph enzymes such as lysozyme and phenol oxidase were higher in treatments containing lycopene pigment than control treatment, while alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase were significantly reduced and alkaline phosphatase were not affected by different levels of lycopene pigment. Finally, the findings of this study showed that increasing dietary lycopene levels improved the biochemical, immunity and enzymatic hemolymph parameters of the oriental river prawn and adding 200 milligrams per kilogram of this pigment to the diet was suggested to improve the parameters that mentioned of this prawn.

Toxoplasmosis is an important zoonotic disease worldwide. Some experimental researches have been shown that infection with Toxoplasma gondii affects the hematological and biochemical analytes, including serum lipid profiles. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the hematological and serum lipid profile changes in cats infected with Toxoplasma gondii, referred to Veterinary Hospital of Ahvaz. Blood sampling was performed on 100 companion cats, both genders (52 females and 48 males) and in the age range of three months up to 17 years. Modified agglutination test and polymerase chain reaction were used to determine infection due to Toxoplasma, in acute and chronic forms, respectively. Measured indices were included white blood cell count, red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, mean cell volume, mean cell hemoglobin, mean cell hemoglobin concentration, red cell distribution width, total platelet count, neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes, and serum concentration of total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, and VLDL-c, triglyceride, transferrin, and iron in the infected and healthy groups. The results showed that the prevalence of infection was 11% and 32% in acute and chronic forms of Toxoplamosis, respectively. In comparison between groups, the total cholesterol and LDL-c levels were significantly higher in both infected groups compared to the uninfected one. Furthermore, in the infected group, there was a significant increase in mean HDL-c in males compared with females. All the infected cats were Domestic Shorthair and their mean age was significantly higher than healthy cats. The present study showed that despite the hypothesis of cholesterol consumption by the parasite to form vacuoles, serum total cholesterol as well as LDL-c, were higher in infected cats than healthy animals. It is likely that the parasite will reproduce more easily in a cholesterol and LDL rich environment.

Bone tissue has attractive structural features, especially due to its hybrid bone structure, which is a combination of hydroxyapatite, collagen, and small amounts of proteoglycans, non-collagenous proteins and water. The chemical structure of the material used is a mixture of alumina powder and graphite. Alumina is a non-acidic and non-base mineral structure that is classified in terms of porosity as a Nano-porous material. In some of its structures, half the volume belongs to the porous spaces. 15 dogs were randomly divided into three groups of control, autogenous cartilage recipient and alumina graft recipient group. By removing the skin, connective tissue, and muscles, the humerus was exposed and a 2 cm long and 1 cm wide incision was made in the humerus body and the alumina-graffiti was placed in the defect, the other group autogenous cartilage resected from rib arch was inserted in the created defect. In control group did not place any material in the created defect. There was a significant difference between control groups, autogenous cartilage group and alumina grafit in bone repair criteria. Using alumina graphite can cause bone healing faster than autogenous rib cartilage.

Prion diseases in livestock can be a potential danger for humans as well. The Makuei sheep breed is one of the most important sources of protein in Iran. In this study, the polymorphism status of codons 136 and 171 of prion protein and their genotypes was investigated in Makuei ecotype sheep. Blood samples were obtained from 60 Makuei sheep and DNA was extracted. The codon 136 (A-V) and codon 171 (H-Q-R) polymorphisms were evaluated by PCR with specific primers. The results showed that allele A (65%) at codon 136 was significantly higher than allele V (35%). AA genotype (46.67%) was also the most common genotype. At codon 171, the Q and R alleles were significantly higher than the H allele. In addition, the allele R was significantly lower than the allele Q. Allele Q (58.33%) and QQ genotypes (40%) were the most common alleles and genotypes. In conclusion, the findings provide strong preliminary lines of evidence that motive large-scale genotyping studies to establish an effective breeding control and successful eradication of scrapie-susceptible genotypes.

Intermittent chest compression is still routinely used in resuscitation for hemorrhagic shock patients. There is a possibility that by using a different resuscitation method with interposed abdominal compressions, through forcing the blood from abdominal organs into the circulation and increasing intraperitoneal pressure, more blood pumps to heart. Therefore, in this study, chest compression resuscitation and interposed abdominal compressions resuscitation were compared in dogs with induced experimental hemorrhagic shock and electrocardiographic changes evaluated as an important diagnostic and monitoring tool in heart conduction and rhythm disorders. Thus hemorrhagic shock was induced by drawing blood from femoral artery in 15 dogs under anesthesia and continued until pulseless electrical activity achieved. The dogs were kept pulseless for 20 minutes, then were randomized to three treatment groups - fluid resuscitation alone with Ringer's lactate solution, chest compressions with fluid resuscitation, and interposed abdominal compression with fluid resuscitation. Resuscitation was conducted until reaching the point of return of spontaneous circulation. Electrocardiograms were recorded before the induction of hemorrhage, at the time that the pulse was lost, after 20 minutes of pulseless state and at the point of return of spontaneous circulation. Changes in P and QRS waves amplitudes, QT interval, heart rate, and electrical axis and morphology of ST segment was significant in different times within groups. but there were no significant changes in P and QRS durations and PR interval and heart rhythm. There were no significant changes in any parameter with different type of resuscitation method. Finally mixed effect of time and groups were also statistically insignificant in all parameters. In conclusion, it seems that there is no positive impact in electrocardiographic parameters using either of chest compression only or interposed abdominal compression resuscitation methods in dogs with induced hemorrhagic shock.

Methylamine exists as an endogenous amine in the brains of birds and mammals, and on the other hand, it acts as a neuromodulator in the release of some neurotransmitters such as serotonin. The effects of methylamine have been well established in mice, but there is no evidence about the effect of methylamine on feeding behavior in poultry. So, the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of methylamine and involvement of central methylamine/serotonergic systems on feeding behavior in FD3 neonatal meat type chicks. In experiment 1, chicks were ICV injected with different doses of methylamine (15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 μg). In experiment 2, chicks received a dose of either the control solution, 75 μg methylamine, 1/5 μg PCPA (serotonin synthesis inhibitor) or a combination of methylamine plus PCPA. Experiments 3 was similar to experiment 2 except that 1/5 μg SB242084 (antagonist of HT2C receptor) was used instead of 1/5 μg PCPA, respectively. Cumulative food intake was determined until 30, 60, 120 minutes post-injection. The volume of injections in each group was 10 μl. According to the results, methylamine significantly decreased food intake in a dose dependent manner. Therefore, the effective dose of methylamine was considered to be a continuation of the 75 μg test. It was also found that the hypophagic effect of methylamine by PCPA (inhibitor of serotonin synthesis, 1.5 μg) and SB242084 (antagonist of 5-HT2C receptor, 1.5 μg) was significantly attenuated. These results suggest that methylamine has a hypophagic effect on food intake in broiler chickens, and that this reduction in methylamine-induced food intake is mediated by serotonin (a 5-HT2C receptor).

Many previous studies have proved that the anatomical features of ewe cervix can affect the success of artificial insemination. These characteristics differ in sheep breeds. This study aimed to describe the anatomical features of cervix in Zandi ewes.One hundred and ninety threenonpregnant and clinically healthy reproductive tracts of adult and non-adult Zandi sheep were collected from a slaughter house and were divided into follicular or luteal phase.Then, the morphology of the vaginal protrusion of cervix was classified as slit, papilla, duckbill, flap or rose. The depth of penetration of an inseminating pipette was recorded. The cervical canal of each tract was filled with a silicone sealant for casting the mould. The cervices were sectioned longitudinally, and the length, number of cervical rings and the arrangement of the rings were recorded. The degree of completeness and interdigitations of the folds recorded as one of three grades 1, 2, and 3 cervices. The results showed the Papillatype was more common in vaginal protrusion of cervix and the most depth of penetration was in Slittype. The mean length of cervix, distance from cervix external os to first ring and the depth of penetration in adult ewes were significantly more than those in non-adult ewes. The mean distance betweencervical external osand first and second ringsand the depth of cervical penetration in follicular phase were more than those in luteal phase.The mean number of cervical ridges was 5 and 6 in 94% and 6% of cervices, respectively. Grades 1, 2, and 3 cervices, were observed in 64%, 25% and 11% of samples, respectively. The information generated in this study would be useful for increasing the success rate of penetration in ewes exhibiting estrus in order to improve the lambing rate of tropical ewes following transcervical AI.

Vaccination are the most important way to prevent viral diseases in the poultry industry.  The aim of study was to evaluate pneumotropic and viscerotropic Newcastle disease vaccines against replication and shedding of Newcastle disease virus (vNDV) in broiler chickens. One hundred forty day-old Ross broiler chickens were purchased and after bleeding from 20 chicks remaining randomly divided into six equal groups, and groups 1,2,3 and 4 vaccinated by B1, colone, vitapest, avinew vaccines respectively via eye drop at 8 days of age and groups 5 and 6 were kept as positive and negatives control groups and inoculated same way by distelled water. All groups except group 6 were challenged via intra nasal-ocular route on day 35 with 0.1 mililiter allantoic suspension containing 105 EID50/ml vNDV. Group 6 were inoculated same way by PBS. All groups were observed two times daily and blood samples was collected from all groups on days 1,8,15,35,42 and 49 for determining antibody titers against Newcastle vaccines by hemagglutination inhibition test (HI). On days 2, 5, 10 and 15 after inoculation, 3 chicks were randomly selected from each groups and cloaca and trachea swabs samples were collected from each bird. Then the chicks were euthanized, and trachea, lungs, spleen, kidney, and liver tissues samples were collected for Real time PCR. Results showed virus was detected in the trachea and cloaca swab and tracheal, lungs, kidneys, spleen   and   liver   tissues all vaccinated groups at 2 and 5 days after vaccination was significantly less than unvaccinated challenged control group. It was concluded that pneumotropic and viscerotropic Newcastle disease vaccines produce protective antibody in vaccinated broiler and both vaccines protect broiler flock against clinical signs and mortality and reduce large amount virus shedding from respiratory and intestine tract.

The main cause of glaucoma is an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP). In order to measure the intraocular pressure in animals, it is necessary to use topical anesthetics. These drugs may lead to changes in intraocular pressure and, as a result, interfere with the diagnosis of increased IOP. Thus the objective of this study was to production and use topical anesthetic drugs that have minimal effect on intraocular pressure. In this study, the ophthalmic drop forms of lidocaine 1% and bupivacaine 0.4% were formulated and their effects on IOP and duration of corneal anesthesia investigated in 20 mixed breed adult dogs. Two drops of lidocaine were instilled in the right eye of the half of the dogs and the left eye of the other half of the dogs. In the fellow eyes normal saline were instilled as controls. Intraocular pressure was taken before and at the minutes 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 after instilling the drug with two iCare and Tono-Pen Vet tonometers. With one week interval, the effects of bupivacaine drops were investigated in a similar manner. Lidocaine drops showed no change in intraocular pressure with both devices. Bupivacaine drops caused a temporary increase in IOP immediately after instillation, which was significant with iCare (P=0.014), then returned to normal values thereafter; However, the results obtained with the Tono-Pen Vet did not show a significant change. The duration of corneal anesthesia was found to be 14.7 minutes for lidocaine and 17.5 minutes for bupivacaine. It is concluded that because lidocaine and bupivacaine eye drops have not significantly changed the IOP, they can easily be used to measure the intraocular pressure and since the duration of corneal anesthesia is relatively short, it is necessary to measure intraocular pressure as soon as possible.

As protein is the most expensive ingredient in feedstuffs, stable dairy farming is achieved with feeding high quality diets with balanced amino acids in diet. Present study was done to evaluate the effect of adding amino acids in starter with moderate crude protein and to compare it with high protein starter without amino acid. To do this, 48 males and females Holstein dairy calves were studied from 3 until 70 days of age. Experimental diets included: (1) 18% CP in starter with 20% more methionine and lysine, (2) 18% CP in starter with 20% more lysine and methionine and 10% more threonine, (3) 18% CP in starter with 20% more lysine, methionine and threonine and (4) 22% CP in starter without amino acids. During whole period and before weaning, calves in treatment 1 had higher starter intake. Calves fed with higher crude protein, had higher feed conversion ratio. Daily weight gain and final weight was not different between treatments. Experimental diets had no   significantly effect on blood parameters. Only at the end of experiment, calves fed with higher crude protein without amino acids, had higher BUN. Calves fed with 20 percent more lysine, methionine and threonine (diet 3), had fewer bouts of diarrhea and body temperature. Overall, the results of the present study showed that adding lysine, methionine and threonine amino acids, did not have significant effects on growth performance and immunity blood parameters. However, starter diet with moderate crude protein level, utilized more efficiently than starter with higher crude protein level.

In this study, the possibility of using carbon quantum dots (CQD) to detect and determine the amount of antigen to finally quantify E. coli and its toxins in food stuffs. Carbon quantum particles were produced using citric acid and ethylenediamine. The production of the polyclonal anti- Escherichia coli antibody was carried out with immunization of the rabbits and purification of the IgG antibodies from the hyper immune serum using ion exchange chromatography. The production of the carbon quantum dot nanoparticles was confirmed using FTIR and atomic force microscopy with efficiency of 67%. The validation of the carbon quantum dot coupling to anti-bacterial antibodies was performed using EDC-NHS, the appropriate formation and stability of the complex for a period of 6 months, was confirmed by ELISA and fluorometry methods. The addition of high concentrations of E. coli bacteria to the complex reduced the diffusion of fluorescence emission of CQD at a wavelength of 440 nm by stimulating at a wavelength of 350 nm. Increasing the concentration of E. coli further reduced the intensity of emission which led to an increase in the difference between the emission of the conjugated and the control samples with a detection limit equal to 30 CFU/mL bacteria. Based on the results of this study, the conjugation of CQD with an antibody against a bacterium or a substance can be used to detect and determine the amount of that bacterium or substance.

Cheyletiella mites live on the skin, causing irritation and itchiness. A distinguishing feature of this mite species are the large, claw-like mouthparts. Though humans are not a natural host for this parasite, Cheyletiella mites can live on humans for a while, causing an itchy rash. In one case, the referral of a rabbit to a clinic in Isfahan, which was detected by microscopic examination of the lesion site, was observed in the Cheyletiella parasitivorax parasite. In this study, in addition to the rabbit, all family members who kept the rabbit at home had inflammation and itching of the skin, especially in the lower parts of the hands. Considering that this parasite in humans can cause itching, attention to this parasite is important. The case is the first report in the Isfahan region. It is also the first to be reported in wild rabbits in Iran. Since the prevalence of this infection in Iran has not been studied, the present report can be of great importance.