مجله سلامت و بهداشت
سال سیزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 54، تابستان 1401)

 Proper food labeling can help improve a diet and health. Due to the importance of sodium in the diet, determining the amount of sodium in food and comparing it with the amount reported on nutrition labels was the objective of the present study.

 In this study, 96 high-consumption foods were examined in 5 groups, including meat and protein products, dairy products, snacks, white sauce, tomato paste, and macaroni. Sodium content was measured by a flame photometer (Halstead, Essex, England). Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test and Pearson correlation coefficient.

 Mean values of sodium found in meat and protein products (409.35±183.04 mg) were significantly higher than the amount reported on nutritional labels (317.90±273.95 mg) (p=0.005). For groups of white sauce and tomato paste, mean values of sodium were significantly lower than the nutritional labels (p=0.002). For dairy products and macaroni was no significant difference between the sodium content reported on the nutritional labels and the actual value. In 67% of examined food, the amounts of sodium did not match those reported by nutritional labels, being lower or higher than the value reported. 

 This study demonstrated that the amount of sodium reported on nutritional labels significantly differed from the amounts used in raw materials. Therefore, it is essential to carefully control the amounts of sodium during food production processes and monitor nutritional labels.

 Heavy metals such as chromium are among the most common pollutants commonly found in high concentrations in industrial wastewater. They can damage aquatic environments and endanger the health of living organisms, especially humans. This study aims to determine the optimal removal of hexavalent chromium by magnetized activated carbon (AC / Fe3O4) from aqueous solutions.

 The structure and properties of AC/Fe3O4 were investigated by FESEM, FTIR, BET, and VSM techniques. The effect of solution pH parameter (3-11), initial concentration of hexavalent chromium (10-50) mg/L, and adsorbent dose (0.5-2) g/L on hexavalent chromium removal efficiency along with isotherm and kinetics studies was investigated. The concentration of hexavalent chromium was determined by direct reading at 540 nm with a spectrophotometer.

 The optimal conditions for maximum removal of hexavalent chromium at pH=3, contact time of 60 minutes, and adsorbent dose of 1.5 g/L were obtained with an initial concentration of hexavalent chromium of 30 mg/L. The isotherm and kinetics study showed that the experimental data followed the Langmuir and pseudo-second-order kinetics.

 Under desirable conditions, the maximum capacity of AC/Fe3O4 adsorption increased to 21.14 mg/g. The present study illustrated that AC/Fe3O4 could be used as an adsorbent to remove chromium from aqueous solutions.

The One Health is an integrated effort of several disciplines at different levels to achieve the highest level of health for humans, animals, and the environment. This study aimed to determine the extent of commitment to One Health and some factors affecting it in students, staff, and professors of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. 

This correlational study was conducted with the participation of 296 faculty members, staff, and students. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. The SPSS-22 software was used to perform statistical tests of one-way ANOVA, independent-sample T-test, and Pearson correlation coefficient at the significant level of (p<0.05). 

The mean attitude and practice scores were 22.90±2 and 27/93±4/59, respectively. Meanwhile, the compliance and commitment scores were 26.28±5.98 and 77.12±11.35 in commitment, respectively. 35.10% of the participants had good status in commitment. There was a significant relationship between mean performance, adherence, commitment scores and the position of the participants, and student's level of education (p<0.05). 

Although a large percentage of the studied population had a favorable attitude towards commitment to One Health, this attitude did not have a significant impact on performance, adherence, and ultimately a commitment to One Health. Therefore, other factors may be involved in the commitment to One Health.

Sport is known as one of the social concepts. There is a lot of evidence and findings indicating an increase in the level of health through continuous participation in sports activities. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between welfare and social health with the intention of sports participation in women in Jahrom.

The present study was correlational, and its statistical population was all women in Jahrom city. According to Morgan's table, 384 people were selected by cluster sampling. The social welfare, Keys social health, and sports participation intention questionnaires were used to collect data. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Spearman correlation coefficient, and SPSS-18 were used to analyze the data.

 The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the intention to participate in sports and social wellfare (p=0.001, R=0.214), treatment (p=0.001, R=0.231), emotional (p=0.001, R=0.133), health (p=0.001, R=0.204) and security (p=0.001, R=0.108). There is also a positive and significant relationship between participation intention and prosperity (p=0.008, R=0.135), solidarity (p=0.034, R=0.109), cohesion (p=0.034, R=0.109), and acceptance (p=0.003, R=0.154).

 The findings of this study show that social welfare plays a significant role in women's sports participation. However, it is suggested that to prevent sedentary women, the context of the development of social welfare and consequently, women should participate in sports activities.

 Today, plastics and plastic products are so widespread that the idea of life without them may not be understood. The extensive presence of microplastics in the environment and their emission sources has attracted the attention of many researchers. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine microplastics' frequency, distribution, and composition in the Qarasu River in Ardabil in 1399.

 In this descriptive cross-sectional study, samples were collected from 5 stations in the Qarasu River (Karkarq, Sarband, Anzab Sofla, Dolatabad, and Samian villages) under standard methods. Method of analysis of samples and separation of microplastics based on method Difference between density and digestion was performed and completed using a stereo microscope equipped with a digital camera and FT-IR infrared spectrometer.

 Fiber and Fragment, the most common forms of microplastics, were identified in the water of the Qarasu River. Also, the identified microplastics had various colors, including white, black, yellow, transparent, red, pink, and green. Microplastic particles of less than 5 mm constituted about 98% of the total microplastic in the river. The abundance of microplastics showed a significant difference among the sampling stations.

 The present study showed the presence of microplastics in the Qarasu River ecosystem. Therefore, microplastics can cause potential risks to human health by entering the food chain. Therefore, control, prevention, and monitoring measures must happen by the Environmental Protection Agency, the University Health Department, private associations, and environmental organizations.

 Radioactive compounds in water and wastewater have raised global concerns. Numerous epidemiological studies have shown that these substances can endanger the health of humans and animals. These contaminants must be removed before entering the natural cycle due to their carcinogenic properties. This study investigated the processes of removing radioactive compounds from water and wastewater.

 For this purpose, related articles were selected from Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. Overall, 89 articles were retrieved, and ultimately 11 articles were reviewed after removing duplicates and deleting unrelated studies. Experimental conditions, including pH, temperature, initial concentration, adsorbent dose, ionic strength, and contact time, as well as adsorbent regeneration and adsorption/recovery capacity, were extracted from these studies. 

 Almost all adsorption experiments were performed at room temperature and showed that higher temperature leads to higher adsorption rates. More than 45% of studies determined the optimum pH at the 6-7 range. In addition, increasing the initial concentration improves the adsorption capacity while reducing metal ion recovery. Most articles (44%) used of Langmuir equation to model isotherm studies. In addition, about 41% of them described the adsorption kinetics with a pseudo-second-order model and suggested chemical adsorption as a velocity-limiting step. 

 As discussed in this review, decontamination of such wastewater is much more challenging than handling conventional industrial and municipal wastewater. However, further studies concerning well-designed large-scale studies are needed to strengthen the evidence.

 The present study investigates the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters in removing one of the essential phenolic derivatives (2-chlorophenol) by zinc oxide nanocatalysts synthesized by the green method, during photocatalytic and sonocatalytic progress.

 The present study is an experimental study conducted in the research laboratory of the Department of Chemistry of Ardabil Islamic Azad University. In order to evaluate the efficiency of the photocatalytic and ultrasonic process in the removal of 2-chlorophenol, the first nanocatalyst was prepared by the green method using a paper flower species called Bougainvillea spectabilis. After ensuring the synthesis accuracy with the help of various technologies, essential parameters affecting the removal efficiency of 2-chlorophenol, such as concentration, amount of nanocatalyst, solution pH, and temperature, were investigated, and the most suitable conditions for removal during photocatalytic and ultrasonic processes were identified.

 The XRD spectrum confirms the synthesis of zinc oxide nanocrystals. The uniform hexagonal nature of ZnO nanoparticles with a size between 12 and 31 nm was confirmed using SEM and TEM images. Elemental analysis (EDX) showed that the synthesized pure nanoparticles contained 74.94 wt. % of zinc and 25.06 wt. % of oxygen. Examination of 2-chlorophenol removal from aqueous solution in dark conditions showed that the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models best follow the removal process. Investigation of the removal kinetics of the studied phenolic derivative with high line regression coefficient introduced pseudo-second-order kinetics for the removal process of 2-chlorophenol.

 According to the thermodynamic parameters obtained in this study, the negative values of Gibbs free energy changes (ΔG°) at all temperatures studied during the photocatalytic and sonocatalytic removal process showed that the removal reaction is spontaneous. Also, the positive enthalpy changes (ΔH°) during the removal process by the nanoparticles synthesized from the paper flower indicated that the removal process is endothermic. Our research showed that the synthesized nanoparticles could be used for photocatalytic and sonocatalytic removal of 2-chlorophenol from the aqueous medium with an efficiency of 90.21 and 82.54%, respectively.

 Balanced and fair availability of human resources, equipment, and services is a necessary condition in the health and treatment sector in different geographical areas to increase the level of human health, which will lead to the creation of a healthy society. On the other hand, the insufficient and unequal distribution of health services and facilities imposes high financial costs on societies, the continuation of which will cause backwardness and decrease the growth rate of the societies. Therefore, this research aims to evaluate the status and ranking of Ardabil province's cities regarding access to healthcare services and infrastructure.

This descriptive-analytical study is designed with practical purpose. The present study is descriptive-analytical in nature and applied in purpose. The required data from the statistical yearbook of 2016 was extracted. Ten questionnaires were completed by experts working in the medical centers of the province for determining the priority using the bullets and the snow sampling method. In this study, the entropy model, Kopras model, and cluster analysis method were used to weigh the indicators, rank, and level of the cities respectively using SPSS. In addition, ArcGIS software has been used to show the status of the cities.

The final results of the Kopras model indicate that the highest levels of access to healthcare services and infrastructure among the cities of Ardabil province are respectively Ardabil, Meshgin Shahr, Khalkhal, Moghan, Nemin, Pars Abad, Beile Sawar, Nair, Kausar and Sareen. And the cities of Ardabil province are located in the cluster of three developing clusters, relatively deprived of development and deprived of development.

Ardabil province is lower than the national average in terms of access to healthcare services and infrastructure, or in a relatively deprived state in terms of development. The difference in the level of enjoyment of the cities of the province also shows the lack of justice in the distribution of health and treatment indicators.

 Present study aimed to evaluate the barriers to medical tourism development in Tehran and compile the respective perspectives to attract more medical tourists, taking the service integration approach. 

 This is an exploratory study with qualitative and quantitative mixed methods. The statistical population consisted of a group of 8 people and 20 professors and experts in the health tourism field selected using purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Furthermore, questionnaires and interview tools were used. For data analysis, MAXQDA 18 software was used for the qualitative method, and multi-criteria decision-making techniques in fuzzy DEMATEL, AHP, and SWOT model for the quantitative method. 

 According to the findings, seven factors, 11 indicators, and 45 sub-    indicators were identified as the challenges of medical tourism development in Tehran. Further, while delineating their interrelationships, the possible role of each of these indicators/ sub-indicators as barriers to Tehran becoming the sustainable medical tourism pole in the region and Asia was analyzed. Infrastructure and regulations (0.177), access to information (0.16), communication and marketing (0.152), quality (0.134), environmental factors (0.129), passive defense, and international obstacles (0.124) had the highest effect, respectively. 

 Weak regulatory management policies, lack of appropriate legal and financial infrastructure to support foreign patients and encourage active hospitals, lack of transparency in treatment costs, lack of a reliable system for price standardization and transparency, lack of transparent and practical programs to enter this domain and compete, and ignoring the potential of neighbors are among the main challenges faced by Iran and Tehran in the medical tourism field. Thus, to strengthen Tehran’s transnational roles, the government has a crucial function through policy-making and initiatives for tourism destination attractiveness and efficient infrastructure to realize improved international competitiveness, modern marketing, and coordination and comprehensiveness of services provided to these patients.

The increasing growth of urbanization and the formation of a new scale of urban development in recent decades have caused the city and contemporary urban planning with new challenges such as increasing social anomalies, environmental degradation, water, air, and soil pollution, increasing Faced with mental illness, socio- economic inequalities and a generally reduced quality of life.

This research aims to analyze the indicators of the 3rd region of Ardabil and compare them with the standards of a healthy city based on the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. In this study, the level of sustainable development in this region will be obtained using the descriptive-analytical method and collecting information in both documentary and survey forms.

The findings of the research show that in the health index, in limited cases such as the prevalence of infectious diseases and the abortion rate, and all sub-indices of the economic and social indicators, especially the unemployment rate and the percentage of people below the poverty line in the region and all environmental indicators, there is a big gap with global standards.

The results of this research showed that the understudy region is only acceptable in the health indices, which is one of three health indicators of a healthy city defined by the World Health Organization (health, socio-economic and environmental indicators). In the other indicators, it is far from the ideal situation and the standards of a healthy city, which requires more attention from the inhabitants and officials of the region

 Intellectual capital is a collection of knowledge and information that can be converted into value. One of the essential dimensions of intellectual capital is identifying the factors affecting it. Therefore, the current research aims to describe, analyze and combine the analyses presented on factors affecting intellectual capital in health organizations.

 The research method was quantitative and meta-analytical. The statistical population of the research includes all scientific and research articles, a research project in Mohaghegh Ardabili. In addition, theses available in Mohaghegh Ardabili and Ardabil University of Medical Sciences between 2013-2017, which examined the influence of effective factors On Intellectual Capital, were included. Among the conducted research, 52 cases were selected for review with the purposive sampling method. Data analysis was done using CMA2 and SPSS-v22 software. In order to conduct descriptive statistics, frequency and percent frequency was used. Moreover, inferential statistics were used to calculate the effect size using the G Hedges and fixed and random effect models. The chi-square counting method was used to check the significance of the frequency of studies, and T Vainer's possible combination method was used to combine the effect sizes using the Weiner t probability combination method was used.

 The funnel diagram was used, which showed publication bias in the primary study in the Intellectual Capital variable. To solve this problem, Duvall and Tweedy goodness-of-fit tests were used for both fixed and random effects models. In order to check the homogeneity of the studies, I2 and Q tests were used, which showed that the primary studies were not homogeneous. The effect size calculated for studies under fixed and random models was statistically significant for the investigated variable. Also, Vainer t possible combination results showed a significant difference between the size of the combined effects. Finally, 71 factors affecting intellectual capital were identified, and their effects were evaluated as significant. Among the identification factors, the highest index of the calculated effect size was related to technological entrepreneurship and competitive advantage variables.

 Considering that the variables of technological entrepreneurship and competitive advantage have the highest effect on intellectual capital, this relationship requires more attention from the authorities to the mentioned variables.