نشریه زمین شناسی کاربردی پیشرفته
سال دوازدهم شماره 44 (تابستان 1401)

The Kuh Toto deposit is located 25 km to the west of Torud village in the Semnan Province. Malachite is the only ore mineral. It occurs in veinlets, coatings and small patches in Eocene volcanic rocks. Malachite is accompanied by minor calcite, manganese and iron oxides and oxyhydroxides, clay minerals, epidote, quartz, and chrysocolla. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns of malachite and calcite are similar to those of the volcanic host rocks, in terms of being enriched in LREEs, and most of the Ce and Eu anomalies. The volcanic host rocks are enriched in Cu (187 ppm on average). These geochemical evidences strongly support that mineral-forming elements, including Cu, originated from the associated volcanic rocks. The oxygen isotopic geothermometry yielded an average temperature of 41 °C for malachite formation. Available data support the view that Cu was leached as mobile aqueous Cu2+ from the volcanic rocks by oxidizing surface waters. When Cu-enriched fluids entered the underlying groundwater environment, Cu was precipitated as malachite in fractures, via recombination with carbonate ions dissolved as CO2 in meteoric fluids.

With the formation of plate tectonics theory, it became possible to describe many geological phenomena. During the development of this theory, many scientists and researchers tried to use different methods to quantitatively and qualitatively express the amount and direction of crustal motion. Determination of crustal direction and velocity movement is important for understanding the recent stress and strain fields and tectonics events. Different global tectonic models have been suggested for study the direction and velocity of crustal movement. In this research using global plate motion model (NUVEL1), international terrestrial reference frame (ITRF) and global strain rate model (GSRM) models the velocity and direction mapped for Khuzestan province. In order to comparison the result of global models with recent stress and strain fields the results of twenty earthquake focal mechanisms evaluated for Khuzestan province. The results reveal that the direction of crustal movement shows the best correlation with ITRF global model. Therefore, the ITRF global model can be introduced as more valid model for obtaining and analysing data in the future studies.

This study investigated the contamination of some rare elements and minor ions for 43 points of the groundwater and surface water resources in Sarduiyeh area in Kerman province, Iran. In this region, low correlations between the concentration of rare elements were observed due to unsuitable geochemical conditions and heterogeneity in the lithological composition and groundwater outflow from multiple hard-rock aquifers. Moreover, two factors of mineral dissolution with high solubility and agricultural activities were effective factors in the presence of minor elements. Concentrations of Cu, B, NO3 and Mn in all points were below the standard of the drinking water and there was no contamination with these elements in the area. Barium concentration was lower than drinking water standard in the areas except in two thermal springs. Fe concentration was less than drinking standard in all areas except one of the river samples. The amount of fluoride in the points of spring SP1 and two thermal springs observed above the drinking water standard. While in some samples, aluminum had a concentration lower than the standard. Using the pollution index, it can be said that the surface and groundwater resources of the study area had a medium level of pollution. According to the evaluation of nitrate and fluoride consumption in water resources as drinking water, it was observed that water consumption in 1 year in terms of nitrate was not dangerous while for fluoride, consuming water resources for more than two years was harmful to health in most samples.

Subsidence is affectedby several factors, the most important and most common of which is excessive groundwater extraction from alluvial aquifers and, conversely, reduced aquifer recharging.Subsidence of the Damaneh-Daran plain, like many of the country's plains has recently expanded.The alluvial aquifer of the plain is unconfined, but part of it operates confined due to lithological diversity and has the potential for subsidence.In this regard, in this paper,first the subsidence rate inthe aquifer was determined by radar interferometer method and the results showed that the subsidence is almost spread in most of the southeastern part of the plain and its maximum is about 6.38 cm.In order to correlate the drop in water level in the aquifer with land subsidence, the aquifer model was prepared by finite difference method, which indicates an alluvial aquifer tank deficit of 33.8 million cubic meters. Prediction of groundwater level due to50% reduction of pumpingfrom the aquifer compared to current pumps showed thatthe predicted water level shows a correlation of more than70% in thesoutheastern part of the aquiferwhere similar conditions of the aquifer are confined with subsidence and indicates its significant effect on reducing subsidence in the aquifer.The results of this study show that oneof the most important proposed solutions to control the current state is to reduce the exploitation of groundwaterresources at least 50%, which can be important bymodifying the licenses of wellsand then closely monitoring the allowable abstraction. It can be done through the installation of smart meters and the optimaluse of water inthe agricultural sector.

Identification Tiny Wall Effects Has Always Been Important for Oil Engineers, as These Are Useful Tools for Regional Tectonic Studies and Have a Significant Impact on Oil/Gas and Reservoir Quality. In Fractured Zones, Good Information Can Be Obtained Directly and Indirectly Using Seismic Information, Petrophysical Logs, Wellhead Experiments, Drilling Mud History and Core Description. In This Research, Using the FMI Diagram in Geolog Software, Different Types of Open and Closed Fractures, Layering Boundary, Fault and Stylolite and Borehole Breakouts were identified and Their Properties were discussed. 1829 Open Fractures Were Detected by Detecting the FMI Dynamic Image in the Study Well, Most of Which Lack Continuity and Opening for Identification. 69 Closed Fractures were identified. In this study, 430 Boundary layers were read, most of which were detected at high confidence interval. Two Potential Faults were identified at the Study Intervals, Both of Which Caused Dip Changes and Abrupt Texture Changes. The Stylolite Identified in the Study Well Were 12 Total, Most of Them Having Short Amplitude and Parallel Stratification. Based on the interpretations made to determine in situ stresses at different depths of the breakouts wells, 140 fractures were identified. The breakouts, which indicate the direction of least stress (σh), are along the NW-SE and are consistent with the usual Zagros trend. In addition, 128 inductive fractures were detected in the studied well. This type, which indicates maximum horizontal stress (σH), was along the NW-SE as wells.

The carbonate Asmari Formation is known as the most important oil reservoir rock in the Zagros Basin of Iran, which contains sedimentary rocks from the Oligocene to the Lower Miocene. A stratigraphic section of Asmari Formation was taken in the Tang-e Jalab, northwest of Shiraz in order to study the biostratigraphy. A total of 214 meters of sediments of this formation were studied which contains 8 lithostratigraphic rock unit. Index foraminifera were accurately identified by studying 80 microscopic thin sections. In the present study, a total of 46 genera and 32 species of foraminifera were identified and based on them, the biomarkers of the Asmari Formation were identified. In addition, two assemblage zones are identified as follows: Nummulites vascus, Nummulites fichteli, Nummulites intermedius Assemblage ZoneArchias asmaricus, Archias hensoni, Miogypsinoides complanatus Assemblage ZoneThe age of the Asmari Formation in the studied area is determined as Oligocene (Rupelian to Chatian).

Mohammadabad manganese deposit is located in the Sabzevar zone and in the Late Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary sequences. This volcano-sedimentary sequence is located inside a 100 km long folded structure with northeast-southwest trend. Mohammadabad deposit is formed in the southern edge of the southern anticline. The geometry of this deposit is stratiform and manganese mineralization is limited to the marly tuff-limy tuff host rock. Ore facies in this deposit are divided into three types feeder zone, bedded and massive ore facies. The high-grade mineralization is formed in the western part of the deposit and in the massive ore facies. Manganese oxide-hydroxides are the main ore minerals in Mohammadabad deposit. Mineral structure and texture are observed in the form of massive, laminae, nodules, disseminated and replacement of manganese minerals in the inner cells of foraminifera and radiolarite fossils. The mineralogy of the minerals includes pyrolusite, psilomelane (romanchite) and manganite minerals. Chlorite, carbonate and argillic alterations observed in the Mohammadabad deposit with related of ore facies. In order to accurately determine the chemical composition of the mineral phases, SEM studies were performed and using the elemental distribution map, the oxidation of manganese minerals was confirmed, which indicates that silica is the main cement of manganese-bearing nodules.

In order to study of the Oligocene depositional sequences, a stratigraphic section of the equivalent deposits of the Qom Formation (for convenience in the continuation of the article, Qom Formation is mentioned) which is 330 meters in thickness has been nominated in northwest of the Hamedan. Facies analysis has produced eight microfacies related to the four facies belts of tidal flat, reef, slope and open marine. Base on lacking the sediment gravity flows, turbidity facies, and abundance in reef facies deposits, a carbonate shelf is proposed for Qom formation. In this research, two depositional sequences and three-sequence surfaces have been separated based on sequence stratigraphic studies (the first and third sequence surfaces being of the first type). A comparison of the relative sea-level change curve in the study area with the Oligocene-Miocene global sea-level change curve shows that sequences of the Qom Formation have acceptable compatibility with global changes in seawater level. Also, the comparison of the sequence boundaries of this study with the Zagros and European basins indicates that the Oligocene sequence levels of the Qom Formation which are identified in the Zagros basin, are well corresponded with the results of this study compare to the European one.

The Landslide is a natural phenomenon that has a decisive effect on the evolution and erosion of land forms. The importance of this phenomenon is especially longer when it occurs in the areas of human settlement or close to it. In this research, modeling the severity of landslide occurrence in the Mollaghafar Drainage basin using a fuzzy gray model has been studied. The most important factors in the analysis of slope landslide, the direction of gradient, height, land use, distance from the network of waterways, lithology, rainfall, and vegetation covered as the main and effective parameters in landslide zonation of the research basin of the research area are addressed. After preparing the data layer of these factors and their standardization, the weight loss model and the gray relationship analysis were used from the ArcGIS software, and ultimately, using statistical rules, the output lights for each layer of action and related maps were extracted. Also, after covering the layers, the landslide risk zonation map in 5 floors: huge, high, moderate, low and very low. The results obtained from the weight model and the analysis of the fuzzy gray relationship in the study area indicate that the parameters of lands were the highest (0.7028) and the network of waterways with (6892/0) obtained the lowest weight in landslide modeling of the Mollaghafar Drainage basin. Also, the high-risk area of landslides includes an area of nearly 294703 square meters of the total basin.

Pedology studies constitute a foundation for any project in the scope of natural resources. The geological method is a common approach to performing soil studies in the field of natural resources. The present research is aimed at investigating the capabilities of the geological method for pedology studies, so that the soil properties can be predicted at lower cost but with acceptable accuracy. This study was performed on four watersheds in Qazvin Province, Iran. These included Jovink, Medan, Niarak, and Palangeh watersheds, which exhibited good geological diversity. Firstly, the geological working units were mapped by photogeological investigations, field surveys, and geographic information system (GIS) to end up with a 1:20,000 map. Subsequently, a total of 36 profiles were drilled in the units to measure the values of EC, pH, and contents of organic matter, gravel, silt, and clay. The results were subjected to statistical tests using SPSS software at a significance level of 5%. Moreover, the properties of the source rock were evaluated to analyze the effects of the physical and chemical properties of the soil on the soil erosion. The results revealed that the profiles that were drilled into various geological working units were significantly different in terms of most of the factors (except for EC and organic matter content), suggesting the necessity of classification of the study area based on lithology as a requirement for pedology studies.