نشریه معماری و شهرسازی پایدار
سال دهم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1401)

Housing satisfaction is one of the most significant variables in the housing studies and various tools have been developed by researchers to measure this factor which include high numbers of questions. The purpose of this study is to reconstruct a questionnaire with high reliability and validity in the form of short procedure with runtime economics to measure the variable of residential satisfaction in the arrangement of a short form to be able to calculate the amount of this variable in a short time and allow the measurement of this variable in a short time without restrictions on personal, social and climatic components.Thus, among the available tools, the questionnaire that has the highest validity coefficient and at the same time the lowest number of questions was selected. Based on it and the theoretical foundations of the research, content-target table was compiled and a preliminary questionnaire was created. This questionnaire was administered firstly as a pilot and after confirming the reliability, on a sample size of 100 people. The obtained data were evaluated by factor analysis and the result indicates that the variable of residential satisfaction holds four factors of physical, facilities, services and economy which can be measured by twenty-two questions with Cronbach's alpha of 0.895.

Public participation means meaningful and effective involvement of stakeholders in decision making to get public to be more supportive. Over the past years, the construction or development of infrastructure projects is one of the most important and obvious examples of public participation and this issue has become a necessity in many government structures according to their laws. In this article, attempts were made to evaluate the examples of public participation experiences in this field in three different structures includes California Energy Commission, Planning INSpectorate & international. First, the necessary information about the details of the implementation process of each sample was extracted from the archived sources related to the same project. Afterwards, efforts were dedicated to assessing and comparing the implementation of the identification process based on the understanding perceived from other structures in addition to studying the legal context in which this process was formed through reviewing events, correspondence and conversations. In the current research, we identified the execution model of each structure and listed the measures taken to improve the public participation process in each of the mentioned structures to be used in the implementation of the existing structures or development of a process of public participation in inexperienced contexts.

With the increase in the population of cities and the need to develop cultural center uses in the vicinity of residential and service users, is considered. An important question in this regard is the location of the cultural center. In this research, GIS and Multiple-criteria decision-making methods with a hierarchical analysis approach based on the opinion of elites have been used to allocate the cultural center in Yazd. In this research, it was tried to add traffic parameters (such as the street width, traffic capacity, etc.) in the weighting stage to the set of effective parameters in allocating the cultural center. The selected options were also evaluated based on macro-simulation analysis using TransCAD traffic software to consider the impact of each on the existing traffic networks before and after their construction in the decision-making process. The final map is used to characterize the best places for the cultural center and by using traffic software, the best place is selected. The combination of these two approaches helps to estimate the traffic demand in peak hours in a traffic network in the special place allocated for the central place and helps to decide based on its performance that is a new experience for allocating which help to decrease future problems.

Given that human beings attending in public spaces and engage in social behaviors and social interactions, their proper functioning in society is very important. Social anxiety is one of the problems that people face in adolescence. Adolescents are at a critical age and it is essential that they grow up to be able to engage in appropriate social behaviors. Due to that adolescents spend many hours of their lives in schools, according to the science of environmental psychology, the architecture of their schools will have a great impact on their mental and behavioral status. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the role of educational space architecture in adolescents' social anxiety and to determine the most effective architectural components of educational spaces in adolescents' social anxiety and has been done by studying the architecture of Shiraz girls' high schools to take a new look at the design of educational spaces. The method used in the present research is descriptive-analytical was applied and qualitative-quantitative type which has been done by data collection method in the form of library and field studies. Data collection tools in the library studies section included research and books related to the subject and in the field section included individual observation of schools, distribution of a researcher-made questionnaire about the architecture of educational spaces and Jarabek social anxiety questionnaire. Questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS software and compared with the results of the observation. There is an inverse relationship between school architecture features and students 'social anxiety.

Sonic comfort and auditory desirability in architectural and urban spaces are largely dependent on the amount of reverberation created in the space. Reverberation Time (RT) is a physical component that is measured to assess echoes. Reverberation time, which indicates the acoustic behavior of space, depends on its physical factors, which include the form, volume and materials of space. If the acoustic behavior of the space is such that it creates an optimal reverberation time without the need for acoustic interventions, it can be acknowledged that the space is acoustically self-sufficient and sustainable. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the acoustical sustainability of Tabriz Bazaar spaces by analyzing their acoustical behavior to determine which categories of physical components are effective in the amount of space reverberation and how this effect is. In this regard, in different situations of various spatial species from Tabriz Bazaar, reverberation time is measured and in each situation, environmental factors affecting the acoustical behavior have been identified. Through the comparison of reverberation time values in different conditions and its adaptations with pre-proven scientific facts, environmental factors affecting the acoustic behavior of Bazaar spaces and how they affect have been clarified. The findings indicate that the domes and semi-domes used in the body of the Bazaar as cavities by retaining sound waves reduce its Reverberation Time. Also, fractions in the shells and delicate fractures of materials, bricks with gypsum bonding, reduce the echo of the space by scattering sound; unlike glass extensions, which reflect sound waves, causing a sharp increase in Reverberation Time. In fact, the original part of the body of Tabriz Bazaar, cavities and fractures, by reducing the Reverberation Time, causes the suitable acoustical behavior and creates the appropriate heard sound quality. The form is designed in such a way that the clarity component is fixed, and therefore, with increasing sound intensity, sound attenuation occurs faster and prevents the creation of noise and increase the sound intensity. Therefore, it can be acknowledged that Tabriz Bazaar is acoustically sustainable and its body pattern can be used in the design of new spaces.

The historical texture of cities are precious works of indigenous culture, architectural knowledge and urban planning, and despite their brilliant background, nowadays they face numerous problems due to the anonymity of the contemporary city, which has deprived urban life of transcendent spiritual aspects. In this regard, the study of the sense of place in these textures, which causes human connection with place and the promotion of values, attitudes, and especially individual and social behavior, is an inevitable necessity. Due to the importance of the subject, the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors explaining the sense of place in the historical textures of Tabriz and to identify the current situation. For this purpose, the research method in the present study is quantitative-qualitative with an applied purpose and analytical-exploratory nature which in order to analyze the data, have been used the structural equation model in Amos software and the t-test in SPSS software. It is noteworthy that the research community includes residents of the historical texture of the city of Tabriz (District 8 of the municipality) that the sample size was determined using the Cochran model of 384 people. Findings show that the most important factors explaining the sense of place in the historical urban texture of Tabriz were spatial-functional, perceptual-semantic and physical-physical components with values of 0.68, 0.51 and 0.46, respectively. The results also indicate that according to the levels of sense of place in the historical texture of Tabriz, the perception and material and objective feeling and to some extent the action of individual behaviors, ie presence, establishment and belonging to the place (basic levels of sense of place) is realized and perceived, transcendental and subjective feeling, ie attachment and commitment to the place (final levels of the sense of place) has not been realized.

Relying on the importance of addressing this feature and the continuation of negligence in the current technique of creating space in mosques, the purpose of this study is to design a questioning and critical approach to the quality of space fluidity in contemporary mosques in Tehran. Based on this, the present study investigates the issue in fifteen examples of common mosques on a local scale and in comparison, with each other in the form of three sub-sections of spatial expansion, sequence and continuity of space. This paper has used the technique of space syntax and drawing and interpreting graphs and UCL Depthmap and Agraph software to advance the analysis. The research strategy includes both quantitative and qualitative aspects. So that the spatial fluidity indices were inferred by examining the research literature by descriptive analytical method. after reviewing and selecting the relevant indicators in the theory of space syntax, the analysis process was followed by deductive and logical reasoning. Data collection was also based on library studies and field surveys. Thus, using the output of indicators such as depth, connection, number of spaces, integration, visibility and Isovist, the issue of fluidity was evaluated in three subsections in the study samples. The results of the study indicated that the way of plan configuration, open and semi-open spaces in contemporary mosques of Tehran affected the fluidity of space in the visual- dynamic hierarchy. Recognizing its positive and negative results will help to correct the function and space of contemporary designs.

This study aims to identify and prioritize the environmental components affecting emotional intelligence and stress management of children and determine the relationship between them in the form of an analytical model to improve and develop the quality of primary schools. The present research is practical in terms of purpose and regarding its research methods, it is causal, analytical-descriptive, and survey. The Data collection method after library and documentary studies, a researcher-made questionnaire has been developed which studies the environmental components affecting emotional intelligence and stress management of children at primary schools in the form of 70 items. The statistical population of the study is educators and caregivers of children throughout Iran and the method of random sampling is voluntary. The sample size, which is according to the number of questions and Klein's view, is 461. The data analysis method according to the research objectives is the factor analysis method using SPSS software and modeling with Amos software. The results revealed that the diversity of physical components mediated by environmental components of mental security and physical comfort, sense of belonging to the environment, legibility of child-centered environment, and creative vitality affect purposeful playability and functional socialization and thus increase emotional intelligence. This affects the environmental resilience and adaptability and thus impulse tolerance and stress control in children.

Lighting is one of the physical factors of work environments that play an important role in protecting visual health and preventing work-related accidents. The current study aims to optimize the received daylight and the desirability of office space lighting to evaluate the lighting status of the rooms of a four-storey office building in Tehran. This research, which is an applied study, has been conducted on the employees of the mentioned building in a quarterly period. The research method is a combination of analytical method with the use of software simulation and modeling. In the field section, at the same time with the staff survey, the brightness of the study environment in real conditions was measured using a light meter. The results of field assessments and surveys show that in more than half of the rooms of this building, the local light intensity is higher than the recommended standard values and this has caused users to be dissatisfied with the lighting situation and visual comfort. The authors' suggested solution is to use a kinetic façade system to make optimal use of daylight and efficient lighting in the interior. This system reduces the visual damage caused by non-standard ambient lighting by controlling the amount of light received and adjusting the glare of the light in the environment. In this process, using the findings of space modeling in Rhino software and Diva plugin, the existing technology in the country was used to design a functional kinetic façade. The results show that the application of a shell responsive to a particular variable (daylight), the possibility of controlling the light entering the building based on the change as a result of the application and the degree of glare (DGP) for annual analysis reliably.

Due to improper energy consumption, the earth is facing warming and climate change. The share of the building is about 40% of the total energy consumption. The vernacular architecture of Guilan could adapt to its context during the time and developed to reach efficient energy consumption. Semi-open spaces are One of the constituent elements of Guilan's vernacular houses widely used in this building under various forms such as Iwan and Telaar. However, the lack of enclosure and the high relationship between these spaces and outside causes great thermal changes, which vary people's thermal sensation. This study aims to determine the people’s thermal comfort in semi-open spaces of these houses. First, the climate of Rasht was studied, then three vernacular houses of Rasht with three types of semi-open space in terms of the enclosure were selected and analyzed. Then, people’s thermal comfort of these spaces assessed by collecting environmental parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, and air velocity, simultaneously acquired the thermal sensation of the object through the questionnaire. Finally, it concludes that these spaces in Rasht can provide thermal comfort to people from 17.75 to 29.25 c, which is about 20% of the cold season. It also finds that the thermal comfort range of these spaces is so close to internal spaces in the cold season of this climate.

Ignorance of perceptual-spatial communication and hard border visualization between enclosed spaces has led to the breaking of arenas, which results in the neglect or prioritization of each, the weakening of individual or collective identity, the isolationist view of solitude, and psychological and social harms. The importance of paying attention to the spectral and interactive nature of solitude in which man engages in communication or self-awareness. The need to consider the effects of perceptual-spatial coherence, given the privacy required by each space to provide individual and collective privacy on both sides of the spectrum, shows. Assuming the existence of some degree of privacy in the transition from micro-spaces and the formation of privacy spectrum and to investigate the relationship between spatial configuration and desirability in both individual and collective areas of urban houses, this study seeks to answer the question of the quality of perceptual privacy and its relationship with syntax. Space is about achieving spatial privacy. Spatial permeability was assessed by Deptump and the perceived degree of privacy was interviewed by residents and assessed by SPSS and statistics (t). A survey of four components and indicators of privacy, among all models, the results of Mehrshahr perceptual privacy above the middle level and showed residents' satisfaction with individual and collective privacy. Reducing permeability, by organizing convex interactive spaces and preventing the integration of functions that invades privacy, and by increasing the hierarchy and longer spatial chain from origin to target space, has resulted in the highest collective and individual privacy of Mehrshahr houses relative to the village; In the realization of the spectrum of solitude, the results of spatial and perceptual solitude overlap and correspond.

Factors such as reducing social cohesion and solidarity and reducing the level of trust and individual and social partnerships, part of it originates from the inappropriate architecture of public spaces in residential complexes. which has led to the unwillingness of people to attend and the impossibility of face-to-face encounters and the diminution of collective activities and interaction-oriented behaviors in these areas, which has increasingly led to a decrease in social capital. The need to pay attention to the concept of social capital as a set of relationships, networks and norms, and to improve the quality of the environment, as a platform that provides the possibility of collective activities and cooperation between people, is becoming more and more apparent. The purpose of this research is to find variables that can push the physical-spatial environment of residential complexes in the direction of sociability and presence and communication of as many people as possible. To achieve this goal, the research method is descriptive, analytical, quantitative and survey, in the first stage, information related to environmental-physical quality variables and attendance with library and field studies, and in the next stage, the social capital variable is extracted from theoretical foundations. and the tool for collecting information is a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of two complexes located in Tehran and the sample size is 248 people using Morgan's table. According to the information obtained from the residents and the analysis of acquired data and the use of Spss statistical analysis software, the technique of modeling structural equations in Amos software has been used. The findings of the research show that there is a strong, positive and influential relationship between environmental-physical quality variables and attendance. Also, there is a strong and significant relationship between the presence variables of space and social capital. There is a positive relationship between the two variables of physical-environmental quality and social capital. As a result, the existence of sociable and presentable spaces and spaces that provide face-to-face interaction of people in residential complexes provide the improvement of social capital over time.