نشریه مطالعات ایرانی اسلامی
سال یازدهم شماره 1 (بهار 1400)

Historiography like other humanities, have different schools and styles. Historiography like literature, art, Fiqh or jurisprudence and philosophy have various schools. In Iran, there are schools and styles in the great treasure trove of Iranian historiography, whether traditional historiography or modern one. These schools in Iran can be considered in national and local forms due to the richness of historiography in Iran. Iranian historians in the cultural and geographical sphere of Iran throughout history have created numerous, diverse and rich works in the field of historiography and have produced various styles. In these styles and schools that Iranian historians have created throughout history, there are rich elements of philosophy of history, historiographical discourses, writing styles and research methods that need to be considered. In Bushehr, historiography is a thousand years old, but in the last century, historiography has reached its peak. Does historiography in Bushehr qualify for a school of historiography? The central hypothesis of this research is that the climatic conditions and rich heritage of historiography in Bushehr indicate the emergence of a special school. The findings of this study have confirmed this hypothesis. With the efforts of the historians of this region, a considerable heritage has been formed under the title of Bushehr historical literature, which in this article we have considered it eligible to apply Bushehr School in historiography. This school was faithful to the tradition of writing about sea and attention to the history of the sea and the coasts and coastal areas. Ideas such as colonization and the people's struggle against it have also been addressed.Based on the reasons and contexts mentioned above, the application of Bushehr School to the historical literature of this region is logical and acceptable considering the Bushehr heritage in the historical field, which is so rich, special and distinct, and it can be considered as having a special school and recognize the Bushehr School. For the following reasons, Bushehr has a special school in Iranian historiography: History and the sea. Bushehr has a unique history. The first calligraphy works of Iran were found in Bushehr, which belongs to the Elamite period and two thousand years BC, and it is an inscription in Elamite cuneiform. From the Achaemenid, Parthian and Sassanid eras, many works have survived in this province until the Islamic period. Attention to the tradition of seascape and the role of the sea in the history of the shores of the Persian Gulf has also had a special effect on the formation of the Bushehr School in historiography. Culture and Art: Culture in Bushehr can be studied from different angles. Indigenous beliefs, rituals, stories and anecdotes are part of the cultural heritage of this area. Trade and commerce: Trade is the backbone of Bushehr port's economy. Bushehr business community was very strong and had a comprehensive impact on the society, economy, culture and politics of Bushehr and all this was effective in shaping the works of Bushehr writers and historians and the traces of this rich class can be seen in Bushehr culture and its manifestations. This commercial community of Bushehr and its cultural influences were not formed anywhere else in the south. Tolerance: Tolerance in Bushehr is a social trait. Tolerance and peaceful coexistence in the public culture of Bushehr is so prominent that it has become a unique social and cultural advantage of Bushehr and through this has made this port a special city in terms of culture and society. It is crystallized in the personality of Bushehr writers and their works, and this is a special attribute for the Bushehr School of historiography. The gateway to the manifestations of modernism: Bushehr and Tabriz in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were the gateways to modernity in Iran. Bushehr was the place of departure and docking of merchant and passenger ships from Europe, India, Africa and even the United States according to geographical and commercial conditions. These developments and characteristics in the works of Bushehr writers have left their effects and its effects and manifestations can be seen in the process of Bushehr historiography. This issue has been one of the effective factors in the formation of Bushehr School of historiography.

With the title of "Dome of Islam", Egypt has always had a high position from a political, economic and cultural point of view, and this prestige has greatly increased in the Islamic period. Among the Iranians, from ancient times to the present day, Egypt has had a high status and this importance is also evident in Persian poetry. Poetry is not the only field of poetic charisma that can be a way for gaining historical knowledge. The present article intends to shed light on the type of trade relations between Iran and Egypt from the perspective of Persian literature. In this regard, after enumerating the commercial goods of Egypt, such as sugar cube, sugar, oil and robes in Persian poetry, we relied on the data contained in the poems based on historiographical sources and compared the list of goods with historical records. By statistical analysis methods, a positive correlation was inferred between the high frequency of the names of Egyptian items in Persian poetry and the prosperity of trade exchanges between Iran and Egypt, and even the ups and downs of these exchanges and more important goods were identified. The results of the study of the frequency of Egyptian commercial goods in Persian poetry have shown that sugar has the highest frequency with 45 repetitions. Based on this, it can be considered as the main Egyptian goods in the period in question, sugar cubes and sugar products, which due to their sweetness, were more in line with the themes of the poems and also seem to have been important Egyptian goods. Using verses that include one of the commercial items of Egypt, according to the year of writing the poetry and the period of life of each poet, the assumption of greater prosperity of trade with Egypt in the period is proposed. Therefore, the poets who have mentioned these merchandises more than others have been Rumi, Khaghani, Saadi, Seif Forghani, respectively. These four poets lived in the sixth and seventh centuries AH. Also, Khwaju Kermani, Hafez, Shah Nimatullah Wali and Salman Savoji belonged to the eighth century. It seems that according to Persian poetry in the sixth, seventh and eighth centuries AH, trade relations between Iran and Egypt were very prosperous. In this regard, the total number of verses written by these poets should be taken into account. Similarly, the total number of verses left by Rumi is more than all the poets whose names appear in this list. As a result, it is necessary to measure the frequency of Egyptian commercial goods in the poetry of each poet in relation to the total number of his poems. According to this statistical analysis, the four poets who have included more Egyptian business items in their poetry than all their other poems are Khaqani, Saadi, Seif Farghani, and Khwaju Kermani. Historians such as Moqaddasi, Tabari, and Masoudi have cited numerous commercial items from Egypt in their reports. Many poets have used these items and their features in their poems and in line with their subject matter. Naturally, the number of Merchandises listed by historians is much higher than this number in Persian poetry. But what is relevant in this article is the compatibility of these two areas in the goods attributed to Egypt. In other words, should it be specified that there is a commodity in the poems that historians have not named? In this case, the historical accuracy of the content of those poems can be questioned. However, the study did not show such an inconsistency, and the ten items that Iranian poets attributed to Egypt in their poems appear exactly in the large list of items that Masoudi and Moqaddasi presented. This alignment between literature and history includes even more significant goods than it does the type of commodity. According to a report by Tabari on an attack on Egypt, sugar and flax have been looted. From this report, the most important commercial items of Egypt are deduced. In the poems, sugar cubes and sugar have the highest frequency, which indicate the importance of this high-quality Egyptian product.

Nawadir al-Hikayat wa Gharayib al-Rawayat (Bahr al-Nawadir) is one of the greatest storytelling books in the Safavid era, written by Abdul Nabi Fakhr al-Zamani Qazvini, an Iranian immigrant who left for India at the age of nineteen and entered the court of the king of the time. Since this writer and poet has access to the Royal Library, he studies the works and books of his predecessors, and after gaining sufficient experience in the field of storytelling, he planned to write his works. The book Nawadir al-Hikayat or Bahr al-Nawadir is an encyclopedia and reference with many anthropological values, traditions, beliefs, professions, occupations, food, clothing, anomalies, arts, etc. Due to the importance of this book in terms of anthropology, social customs, traditions, food and clothing, etc., it can be considered as a reliable source in understanding the social situation of that time. The study and analysis of eighty anecdotes of the book, based on the version of the Islamic Consultative Assembly No. 3171, is the subject of this article. In this article, after explaining the storytelling in the Safavid era, the structural and content analysis of the book of Nawadir al-Hikayat from various aspects, including the introduction of the book and its versions, the introduction of the author and his works, the chapter and structure of the book and the method of storytelling stylistics of the work (linguistic and literary aspects), bibliography of the stories, study of the content of the stories and social benefits, anthropology and popular culture in the stories were discussed. In the analysis of this book, it was found that the method of narration is eloquent; In a way that attracts the reader's attention and encourages him to read the rest of the story. Scenes and characters are beautifully described. Sometimes the scene is so lively and dynamic that it can be imagined in front of the eyes. Although many of the anecdotes and stories told in this book are adapted from some of the earlier books; But it is written with a different narrative and in the style of the author. By being familiar with the method of storytelling, the author is able to narrate stories well, and this shows how much Fakhr al-Zamani was familiar with the techniques of storytelling. The themes of the stories are moral or religious in any case. The author's purpose in narrating all kinds of stories is to teach valuable and moral concepts. During the stories, the reader becomes acquainted with different types of positive and negative characters. It is very interesting to note that in the meantime, the faces of women are very positive and the personalities belonging to this stratum are chosen from the aristocracy, nobles and princes. The role of women in this book is high and respectable

What appears in this article is a report as a historical document from one of the leading Sunni scholars, Sweeki (Qazi Kowsar) from Iranian Kurdistan during the Qajar period; which was sent to Mirza Hassan Ashtiani, a Shiite Mojtahid in Iran. In this letter, which the author thinks is important both in terms of history and content, we can testify to the first attempts by the sympathetic and compassionate scholars of the Islamic Ummah to bring the two main religions of Islam, Sunni and Shiite, closer in the fight against the phenomenon of foreign domination over the Islamic World. The fierce rivalry between Russia and Britain over gaining more privileges and plundering the capital of the deprived people of Iran increased sharply in the late Nasserite period, and the context of these relations shows that whenever one of the two rival countries succeeded in gaining concessions in Iran, the other side tried to score new privileges. The ban on tobacco was an example of a negative struggle against this type of aggression, and there are numerous examples of the correct recognition and interpretation of this type of relationship among historical documents, including the letter read in this article. The results of the research showed that the people of Iran, old and young, men and women, Shiites and Sunnis, all unquestioningly obeyed the historical fatwa of Mirza Shirazi and set fire to whatever tobacco they had and banned the use of tobacco. They used tobacco as a great weapon against foreign domination of their country. Eventually, Nasser al-Din al-Shah was forced to relinquish the concession. This letter acknowledges the unity and empathy between the Shiite and Sunni religions in the fight against the interests of colonialism and emphasizes the rule of negation of the foreign domination over Muslims desired by these religious scholars. Judge Kowsar rightly preached the unity of the Islamic Ummah and considered any divisive and insulting voice to be the voice of enemies and strangers. Coordinating with Shiite scholars through writing letter to them, was a symbol of unity in the method of combating colonialism among Islamic religions.

Waqf is a long-standing traditional endowment in Iran that dates back to pre-Islamic times. In the Islamic period, this issue also expanded due to the emphasis of Islamic rules. Waqf in all periods has caused the flourishing of the cultural cycle and with the help of endowments, hundreds of mosques, schools, libraries, etc. have been established. In the meantime, women in many cases followed in the footsteps of men. It seems that in the post-constitutional period and the first Pahlavi government, due to the developments and Iran's relationship with the Western world, there have been changes in the type of endowment. These changes are more tangible in Tehran due to being the capital at this time. One of the transformational areas of endowment is medical affairs, which has received more attention in this period, and women's endowments in this field are also significant. The present article intends to study and analyze the importance and role of women in creating medical endowments in Tehran during the Reza Shah period by relying on archival documents and endowment letters. The research method is based on descriptive method and analysis of data as well as existing documents. Based on this research, it was found that in the first Pahlavi period, under the influence of developments caused by the constitutional movement and Iran's relationship with the Western world, we also witnessed changes in endowments that impacted later periods. One of the developments of waqf is paying more attention to medical endowments, which for various reasons, including the prevalence of infectious diseases, lack of facilities and medical centers, etc., encouraged people to create and develop, in any form or style such medical centers. During this period, women in many social areas, directly or indirectly, were present alongside men on the scene, and many actions have been taken by them regarding endowments, and in particular medical endowments. Due to the fact that the intellectual atmosphere of the society was slowly moving towards changes at this time, women also kept pace with this intellectual atmosphere and changes, and in this period, among the medical endowments recorded, these perpetrators could be tracked. Endowment letters left by women activists of this era reveal the level of women's participation in Waqf and this shows their economic independence and of course their interest in public welfare and medical affairs in the mentioned period which is a step towards the then intellectual process of the society. Although the Book of Waqf and Medical Affairs lists women activists in medical Waqf in Tehran, it is important to note that many women endowers have not yet been identified; therefore, in this period, it will be very significant for women to keep pace with these developments, which are evidence of such endowments based on the existing endowment letters.

Muslim miniature painters have taken on the issue of veiling in drawing up the faces and organs of women and men in a variety of ways. In the illustration of Shahnama in the Islamic era, despite his ancient stories, the issue of Women’s clothing has been raised. The miniature painters of the illustrated Shahnamas in the Safavid era have not treated the issue of Women’s clothing alike. The present study was to compare the veil of women in the miniature painting “Zal and Roodabeh's visit” to the Shahnamas of the Safavid era with the question of which of the miniature painting, the Women’s clothing has been more adhered to. The type of paper is fundamental and its method is descriptive-analytic and the necessary information is from library sources, and the observation of the Artworks is aimed at achieving the observance of religious orders among Safavid era painters. And recognizing the religious commitment of the artist to illustration has made this research necessary. According to the findings, in the miniature painting, belong to the version of the Shah Abbas II era, Due to the full body and head coverage, which is influenced by the fatwa of the Jurisconsult, the Women’s clothing has been observed more.