مجله روان شناسی فرهنگی
سال ششم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1401)

Psycho-spiritual struggles play an important role in the physical and mental health. The present study investigated the phenomenon of psycho-spiritual struggles, its factors, and its consequences in Iran. The main purpose of the qualitative phase was to explore the lived experience of Muslims with psycho-spiritual struggles in Iran. 14 participants were studied with purposeful sampling method and using in-depth semi-structured interviews for 5 months. The results of the coding analysis of the interviews led to the identification of "280 codes", "16 categories", "3 themes", and "1 theoretical model". The results showed that There are seven categories of "psychological", "familial", "stressful situations", "religious internalization", " God image", "attachment to God", and "quest religious orientation" as factors of psycho-spiritual struggles. Also, three categories of "psychological problems", "religious amotivation", and "religious growth" were identified as the consequences of psycho-spiritual struggles. Given the findings of this study, it is necessary to pay more attention to the phenomenon of psycho-spiritual struggles, its factors and consequences, especially in the cultural context of Iran, as well as to construct psychological interventions appropriate to these struggles.

Various studies indicate that spirituality gives rise to appreciation and hope in lives, and when they have calamities and horrible events, the spirituality gives them the power and strength to hope and have a sense of purpose and support. Hence, the acquisition of spiritual skills to promote mental health and quality of life is necessary. As a result, the purpose of this study is to identify spiritual skills. This study was conducted using a review method by Google and Firefox search engines. From the statistical population of PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, ProQuest databases in the period 2004-2019, the findings with the keywords Spiritual skill, Spiritual life, Spirituality were analyzed by purposive sampling method. 51 papers and books related to the subject and purpose of the research were reviewed. Among these, 17 books and 12 papers by quantitative method, five studies by qualitative method, one by mixed-method, and 16 by review method were considered. Being honest, being alone with yourself, getting inner peace, empathy, cultivating divine love, prayer, breaking habits and doing new things, trusting in God, hiking, being more present in life and activities, striving for transcendental purpose and acceptance were the components that have been addressed related to spiritual skills. Honesty has been considered with the concept of harmony and originality in the humanistic approach (and the opposite of the contradiction that is almost equivalent to the hypocrisy in Islam). Deep connection with inner, asking with hope from God, and regular and daily spiritual activities are spiritual skills discussed in studies that can promote spirituality.</em></strong> </em></strong> </em></strong>

The Conceptual model formulation of Religious Coping with Stress Based on the Holy Quran Teachings: a Grounded TheoryStress is an important factor in the incidence of diseases and a threat to health, and various models have been designed to deal with stress. The present study was designed to develop a conceptual model of religious coping with stress based on the teachings of the Holy Quran. The method of the present study is qualitative, based on Grounded Theory. The main source of this research was the Holy Quran and in order to confirm the interpretations, authentic interpretive and hadith sources were used. The research sample included descriptive and explanatory statements related to the semantic field of religious coping with stress in the Holy Quran, which was purposefully selected. Research data collection tools in three categories; Books: including the Holy Quran, commentaries on the Quran, and narration books; Software: which includes Jami Altafasir software andJami Alahadith; And website: included valid scientific databases with the content of the mentioned books. After extracting the content related to religious coping from the Holy Quran, in the process of data analysis through "coding", 730 "open source", 46 "concepts", 13 "categories" and 4 "dimensions" are extracted and finally, four dimensions in the format 1 template were formatted. Findings showed that the pattern of religious coping is a process pattern that has four dimensions; The sources of stress are the contexts of religious coping, the structure of religious coping, and the consequences of religious coping.

The prevalence of Covid-19 in the world has caused many mental and physical problems for individuals, but some people experience post-traumatic growth despite these problems. The aim of the present study was to explain post-traumatic growth facilitators based on the experiences of patients with Covid-19. A qualitative research design was conducted using content analysis method. Twenty-five participants were selected using purposive sampling and interviewed using semi-structured and in-depth interviews. Purposeful sampling was used to achieve data saturation. Data were analyzed according to the step-by-step process of Brown and Clark content analysis using MAXQDA software. </strong>Data analysis resulted in 90 initial codes, 23 basic themes, and 6 organizing themes. The most important facilitating factors and their sub-categories were: Perception of support (support of friends, support of family, self-sacrifice, support of medical staff); Spirituality (spiritual beliefs, spiritual behaviors, religious background); Personality traits (optimism, extraversion, hardiness, no history of neuroticism, flexibility, conscientiousness, self-efficacy and deep thinking); Safe attachment (safe family relationships, feelings of being loved); experience of going through a crisis (unfortunate events, history of illness, history of loss, facing death); And demographic variables (youth, higher education). The results showed that various factors may facilitate post-traumatic growth in patients with Covid-19. Identification of these facilitators can significantly help in designing and modifying intervention programs for patients with Covid-19.

The aim of this study was to identify coping styles based on the lived experience of patients with Covid-19. The method of this research was qualitative Theme analysis. Sampling was non-probabilistic and purposeful and Data collection was done through interviews. For this purpose, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 30 patients with Covid-19 for 30 to 50 minutes, depending on the patient's condition. Data analysis resulted in 392 initial codes, 46 basic themes, 11 organizer themes included Resilient style, Reception style, Self-Directive style, Pragmatic style, Prayer style, Trustworthy style, surrender style, Hopeful style, seeking support style, Philanthropic style, Punitive style, and a comprehensive theme entitled "Coping Styles". Finally, the validity of the content was verified by a reasonable and reasoned review by experts Using Content Validity Index (CVI). The results showed that the style of coping with Corona disease is a complex and dynamic concept. The results of this study can help to design questionnaires to assess coping style, design disease control interventions and provide training programs to deal with the disease in order to better adapt to the disease and achieve faster recovery.

Since early 2020, The COVID-19 pandemic, many people have been infected with the disease and a significant number have lost their lives. The survivors of the deceased, due to severe communication restrictions (quarantine), are deprived of all kinds of individual and social support to facilitate the experience of mourning, which in itself threatens the physical and psychological health of the survivors. The aim of this study was to investigate the multivariate relationship between different styles of religious coping, the experience of mourning and the mental health of survivors of coronary heart disease. 277 residents of Mashhad who lost one of their close relatives in the hospital due to coronary heart disease successfully completed the electronic questionnaires of this study. The method of this research was descriptive-correlational. The mourning list, the Anxiety, Depression and Stress Scale, and the Religious Coping Scale were used to measure the research variables. The results of analysis showed that there is a significant relationship between all research variables at the level of and the highest correlation coefficient between the negative religious confrontation and the component of separation and rejection of the experience of mourning and the lowest between Positive religious confrontation and panic behavior of grief experience were obtained; Positive religious coping predicted less harm in the experience of grief and more mental health, and negative religious coping predicted more harm in the experience of grief and less mental health.

The aim of the current study was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy on Anxiety and Self-efficacy of children among children with anxiety. The statistical population consisted of all children with anxiety in Ahvaz. The research sample consisted of 3 children that were selected according to the results of the Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) with cutoff point of 50 and with purposeful sampling method. In this research, a single-case experimental design, type of non-concurrent multiple baseline designs was used. To evaluate the anxiety Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) and self-efficacy- Children's Self-Efficacy Scale were used. The data was gathered in three phases of basic lines, intervention of 16 weekly sessions, and one month follow-up. The findings indicated that the subjects in the treatment phase experienced improvement in anxiety and self-efficacy. The effectiveness was maintained during the 1-month follow-up. The change index was indicative of meaningful changes. Therefore, the research findings illustrated that cognitive behavioral therapy reduces anxiety and increases children's self-efficacy by by increasing awareness and skills and reducing dysfunctional reactions.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between academic self-efficacy and self-compassion with emotion regulation disorder in adolescents along with the role of gender moderator. The statistical population of the study was all high school students (160; 80 girls and 80 boys) in the academic year 1399-99 in districts 1 and 2 of Tehran who were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling.The method of this research was descriptive and correlational and in order to collect information, scales of academic self-efficacy, self-compassion and emotion regulation disorder were used. The data of this study were analyzed using Pearson correlation and stepwise regression. The results showed that academic self-efficacy and self-compassion were significant in predicting adolescent emotion regulation disorder (p<0.05). On the other hand, the role of gender moderator in the relationship between self-compassion and emotion regulation disorders was significant and it means that gender affected the direction and relationship between these two variables (p<0.05); However, this adjustment was not established in the relationship between academic self-efficacy and emotion regulation disorder (p> 0.05). Based on the findings, it can be concluded that academic self-efficacy and self-compassion are associated with emotion regulation disorders in adolescents and by strengthening academic self-compassion and self-efficacy can help improve adolescent emotion regulation disorders.

The academic buoyancy refers the successful experiences of students or college students to face obstacles and educational problems and behind them. The aim of this research was predicating the academic buoyancy and academic performance of college students based on Islamic lifestyle. The method of the research was correlation. The study population included all students of Islamic Azad university of Abhar Branch in 2019-2020 academic year. Cluster sampling was used to select 212 students. Instruments were Islamic lifestyle questionnaire, academic buoyancy questionnaire and academic average score. Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analyses were used to analyze the data. The results showed that in spite of positive correlation between all dimensions of Islamic lifestyle and academic buoyancy, only punctuality and beliefs can predict academic buoyancy of students and explain about 35 percent of its variance. Also the results showed that there is positive relationship between Islamic lifestyle and academic performance. The relationships between the Islamic lifestyle dimensions of religious rituals, ethics, thinking and knowledge and punctuality and academic performance were positive. The results of regression analyses showed that about 13 percent of academic function is explained with, punctuality, thinking and knowledge, and religious rituals of Islamic lifestyle. Therefore, the results of this study can provide a basis for increasing academic buoyancy and academic performance through consideration of their lifestyle.

The aim of this research is investigate of the effects of Social Problem Solving Skills Training on the psychological Empowerment of the teachers of high schools of Tehran. To accomplish of this aim, by means of semi experimental design (Pretest-posttest with control group and follow up),42 teachers as purposeful sample was drawn from among of all teachers in Tehran (district 19) and randomly assigned two groups: experimental and control. For assessing the psychological empowerment of teachers the Spritzer and Donson (2005) questionnaire were used as pretest and posttest. Then the experimental group received social problem solving skills training in seven sessions. The training schedule was provided based on the D,zurilla and Nezu (2007) framework for social problem solving. Data were analized by means of ANCOVA and T test. The results showed that the training of social problem solving skills had significant and positive effects on psychological empowerment of exprimental group as compared with control group. The data concern of follow up phase revealed that the Impact of social Problem solving skills training on the psychological empowerment is permanent across the time.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of adjustment in the early stages of marriage in its stabilization. In line with this goal, the information required for research through qualitative approach and phenomenological method using purposive sampling and at each stage according to the analysis of previous data from 24 people (12 couples) who at the time of the interview at least 3 The year had passed since their marriage, and they admitted that they had not experienced any intense, growing, divorce or divorce-related conflicts. From the coding of interviews and the categorization of sub-topics, 16 main themes: "Couples virtues, individual virtues, constructive conflict management, religious beliefs, marital privacy, flexibility, Constructive marriage, family support, effective cognitive attitudes, positive role modeling, the effect of time on couples' relationships, emotional self-regulation, mutual support and support, participatory decision-making, healthy communication structure, couple growth and development, and the core theme, "Couples in early marriage in order to adapt to individual and couple virtues and rely on the capabilities of the couple outside the system, perceives marriage constructively and activates a positive cycle of interactions and pleasant outcomes." The result can be He concluded that stable marriage is a phenomenon that requires several conditions and factors, and the role of adaptation and its related components has been very important in the stability of marriage, especially in its early stages and years.

Marital satisfaction in life can be related to overall life satisfaction and examining the factors affecting it is very important. This study aimed to predict the marital satisfaction based on self-compassion, compassion for others, and emotional intelligence. The statistical population of the study included all married women in Ahvaz who were living in Ahvaz during the study period in 2018. The sample consisted of 300 married women selected by convenience sampling method. The research tools were Self-Compassion Scale short form, Compassion Scale, Emotional Intelligence Scale, and Relationship Assessment Scale. Statistical analysis used for this research was correlational coefficient. The data were analyzed by using Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis. The results of this study indicated that self-compassion, compassion for others, and emotional intelligence had significant relationship with marital satisfaction and also the results of regression analysis showed that emotional intelligence and self-compassion were sufficient predictors for marital satisfaction. It can be concluded that factors such as emotional intelligence and compassion for oneself and others affect marital satisfaction. It is suggested that therapists and family counselors pay more attention to these factors in providing solutions to promote marital satisfaction.

One of the important problems in today's modern society is infertility. Its therapeutic process may challenge the relationships and the foundation of the family. therefore, the present research studies those infertility families which passed the treatment process and analyses their psychological encounter to the fertility issue as well as the effects of the treatment process on couples' relationships. Accordingly, we analyzed the interviews, report 13, with the couples who had children after the treatment using the Grounded Theory and Glazier Approach in two real and theoretical coding based on a sign-concept model. The results show that individual and mutual feelings facing infertility are in accord with Scarification, shared path, to be sacrificed, which the Looking Glass Self matter shows such mental health. However, the couple's relationship during the treatment process shows a more compatible situation, taking advantage of the threads, keeping norms, taking control of the situation, and a brief note to having weak control of the situation which the Coexistence Under Crisis Circumstances restates the matter in accord with the subject. In the end, from the two mentioned matters the Construction of family relationships in infertile families phenomena was made. The result is that depending on individual perceptions and re-reading of each other's feelings about the infertility situation, couples either experience emotional coldness or become more interested in their spouse.

 The present study aimed to explain divorce with Durkheim's social anomie approach in Karaj. Because divorce affects the lives of individuals and families and has many consequences for the social system, it is therefore considered an important social issue. The researcher has studied and explained divorce as a social reality from the paradigm of social reality with a positivist approach. "Survey" was used as a method of referring to reality and a "questionnaire" tool was used to collect information. The statistical population consists of all married people in Karaj. By probabilistic sampling method, information of 404 respondents in two groups (divorce attempt and non-divorce attempt) was collected and descriptive tables, inferential statistics, multivariate regression and path analysis were used to analyze the data. In total, 50.5% of the respondents are divorcees and 49.5% are non-divorcees. The age range of the respondents is from 16 to 69 years, and the highest frequency of divorce is in the age groups of 25 to 45 years. The final model of path analysis is the significant relationship between variables and divorce; This means that the variables of social anomie and cost-benefit assessment, 38%, and 51% have a positive and increasing effect on divorce, and the variables of social belonging and homogamy 20%, and 18% have a negative and decreasing effect on divorce.