فصلنامه مطالعات روابط بین الملل
پیاپی 58 (تابستان 1401)

Armenia, Azerbaijan and Ukraine are located near Russia. Recent external developments are very important for Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Thus, the Nagorno-Karabakh crisis in September 2020, which led to a 44-day conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan, as well as Ukraine's efforts to move closer to the West, provoked a Russian reaction. The present article descriptively-analytically seeks to answer the question of what has been Russia's foreign policy towards Nagorno-Karabakh and Ukraine? The findings in the context of the Copenhagen School's regionalism indicate that Russia has sought to refrain from interfering in the Nagorno-Karabakh war and supporting the country towards Azerbaijan in the wake of the proximity of the pro-Western Armenian government. The Ukrainian government has launched an offensive against the West and is trying to join NATO. However, Russia's policy toward Armenia over Ukraine over non-sanctions against Russia, public support for Russian mediation, and the deployment of peacekeeping forces appears to have been more successful than condemning the invasion of Ukraine, imposing sanctions on Russia, and lack of UN support. .

The think tanks of the United States have played a special role in the decision-making of American politicians. The main issue is what effect think tanks have on relations with Iran. This study examines the role of think tanks in US foreign policy decision-making toward Iran during the Obama and Trump presidencies. The change in decision-making was due to the change of think tanks during the two presidents. What was the role of think tanks in the decision-making of Obama's and Trump's foreign policy apparatus towards the I.R.Iran? The think tanks with the intellectual and executive elites and the formulation of foreign policy and the design of various scenarios have focused on the decisions of the US foreign policy apparatus towards Iran during the Obama and Trump eras. Through negotiations, Obama signed JCPOA, which sought to reduce related sanctions. Trump left JCPOA. Obama agreed with JCPOA the negotiation scenario that originated from the think tanks and Trump with JCPOA with the scenario of pressure and sanctions of the think tanks. This change in scenario was due to the shift of think tanks from moderate to neoconservative and extremist. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of think tanks on the decisions of the US foreign policy apparatus and use it to adopt a counter-strategy against US policies towards Iran. using the Obama approved think tank comparison method, chose the negotiation approach and Trump chose sanctions and pressure. This research, analytical method and library tools have been used.

Due to the lack of a common energy policy in the European Union because of the differing dependence of its members on Russian resources, different geographical conditions and diverse incentives, the Union has committed itself to adhering to a specific security policy for energy. A long-term strategy based on interdependence with the energy market, European unity, and improved governance in energy-producing countries. The present paper analyzes the complex energy relations between Russia and the European Union, which are at the same time involved in conflict and cooperation, in the Charter of "Asymmetric Interdependence". The purpose of this research is to discover and present the reasons for adopting a European Union collective strategy to provide sustainable and secure energy security. In order to achieve this purpose using a theoretical analysis, we identify the EU and Russia's sensitivity and vulnerability axes in terms of energy and the prospects for future interdependence in the forthcoming decades and ultimately conclude from the increasing trend that the symmetric interdependence on the issue of energy security between the two sides, neither party will be able to carry out their own security considerations without regard to the other party's security.

The Trump Statement on the Transfer of the US Embassy to Jerusalem is inherently a unilateral legal action with these commitments for Israel: identifying Jerusalem as the capital of Israel; transferring the US Embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem; Although the US embassy has been moved to Jerusalem, but these questions still remain: According to international Law and legal procedure of U.S, are Trump's unilateral commitments legitimate? What are illegitimate consequence of this transfer on legal and political situation of Jerusalem? This article is based on the assumption that Trump's obligations are based on a contradictory law, and are conflict with International Legal System of occupied territories, domestic legal procedure of U.S and international rules about the identification of new situations, so they are domestically and internationally illegitimate. We examine this hypothesis with documentary analysis, this method based on first-hand sources that have the characteristics of authenticity, validity, agency, and meaning such as international conventions, treaties, resolutions. Due to the weakness of the international legal system about the identification of new situations and the international legal system about the occupied territories, the transfer of the embassy could result in illegal territorial annexation, unilateral legal action, and the continued illegal occupation of Jerusalem by Israel. Therefore, the transfer of U.S embassy not only poses significant challenges to the efficiency of the international legal system related to Jerusalem, but will also make the political process of peace more difficult than ever.

The present research is trying to verify the anti terrorism and extremism normative strategy of the European Union within the international order. Terrorism is one of the most serious and dangerous menaces against the entire human community and civilization. Terrorism has the potentiality to train a group of individuals which have no consideration for tolerance and for a peaceful coexistence of different nations. The most tangible contact of the European countries with the brutal aspects of terrorism regards the different conflicts in the Middle East where a note vole group of European terrorists that are actually the native citizens of these mostly western European countries that at the end of conflicts could try return to their native countries bring inning with them the extremist ideologies that could destabilize the above mentioned European countries. Inconsideration of such danger the anti terrorism policy of European Union represents a priority for this important international structure and because of that the collaboration with the other countries and between Parliaments of different countries is extremely important especially in consideration of fact to block the financial resources of terrorist organizations.

The Themes Network of Iranians' Attitudes Toward China's New Silk Road is the subject of this study, Which was studied from the perspective of published analyzes of the 25-year comprehensive informal cooperation plan between Iran and China in the Iranian political space from early July 2020 to late September 2020. The statistical population of this study was all Internet sources related to this issue in Iran. After reviewing the sources extracted from the database, data consisting of notes, interviews and conversations, as well as analysis related to the Iranian media, 60 sources were considered as samples. The reliability of the results was 0/901 using the Holstie method. In this article, by studying this program and using the method of thematic analysis and the process of doing it manually and using Nvivo software, the themes of the Iranian view of China's New Silk Road have been discovered and drawn. The results of this study show that Iran's view of China's New Silk Road can be divided into two global and completely contradictory themes: the global theme of "Eastern interdependence" with 16 basic themes and three organizing themes and the global theme of "Eastern dependence" With 16 basic themes and five organizing themes.

The New Silk Road Initiative, as a China's development model and project, has absorbed and involved many countries and governmental and non-governmental organizations across the world to cooperate with that. This project intends to expand the cooperation between the continents and creates the necessary infrastructure of the regional and global cooperation based on economic, political and cultural dimensions. Iran could have an important role in this project because of its geo-strategic and geo-economic position. The main question of this research is that what effects does this strategy have on Iran's development and its relation with china? Hypothetically, it seems that due to the Iran's look to the east and its economic and political prospects, the relation of both countries is going to be expanded towards Interdependence although it is predicted that this cooperation might be asymmetrical in favor of china's grand strategy. The viewpoint of this Paper is Based on Interdependence theory. Methodically, the research design is descriptive and analytical. According to the research findings, in the absence of an appropriate strategy in the way Iran cooperates with China, the nature of this plan may change from the level of symmetric interdependence to asymmetric interdependence in the interests of China.

The overall economic framework for building Greater Eurasia, including Russia, China, and Central Asia, is more closely linked to the Chinese One Belt One Road Initiative and the Cooperation Agreement between the project and the Eurasian Economic Union. Along with traditional Russian influence, China's growing growth is strongly felt in Central Asia and is a major factor in shaping the new structure of the Greater Eurasian regions. The geopolitical situation in the convergence of Central Asian countries makes Russia and China the only options available to them. Political and military convergence with Russia in the Collective Security Treaty Organization, as well as economic convergence with Russia in the Eurasian Economic Union, are key elements. The present article uses a descriptive-analytical method and within the framework of the concept of multidimensional foreign policy with the aim of providing a systematic analysis of the interests of Central Asian countries involved in the current approach of Russia and China. How do Russia and China play a role? The research hypothesis is that the countries of Central Asia seek to balance the growing influence of Russia and China in the Greater Eurasia Plan by adopting a " Multi -vector foreign policy". The findings show that Central Asian countries are forced to converge with China and Russia due to geopolitical determinism, but on the other hand, in order to be dominated in this process, they have developed relations with the West and the Islamic world.