نشریه اصول بهداشت روانی
سال بیست و چهارم شماره 6 (پیاپی 111، آذر و دی 1401)

Substance abuse has become a significant health problem for individuals and society. This study aimed to investigate the effects of substance abuse on brain waves.

Articles used were systematically searched in Google Scholar, Scopus, Thomson Reuters, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and IEEE databases. The result of this search was 420 articles. Keywords [Substance-Related Disorders MESH) AND (EEG MESH)], ["substance-related disorder" AND "EEG"], ["drug dependence" AND "EEG"], ["Substance abuse" AND "EEG"], ["Opioid" AND "EEG"], ["Cannabis" AND "EEG"] and ["Methamphetamine" AND "EEG"] were used for the search. After removing irrelevant and duplicate articles, we included 22 full-text articles in the study.

The articles examined the effects of substance abuse on brain waves with three approaches. The first approach is the event-related potentials technique. The second approach is to investigate the functional connections between different brain parts. The third approach analyzes EEG signals from various channels to select biomarkers to detect substance abuse.

According to the present findings, it is suggested that policymakers and community health managers increase public awareness of the harms of substance abuse. Researchers in health should also discover and develop new diagnostic methods and treatment strategies according to the damage caused to the brain of substance abusers.

Due to the increasing rate of COVID-19 disease, experiencing high levels of death anxiety is predictable all over the world. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the prediction path of death anxiety through fear of COVID-19, neuroticism, behavioral inhibition system, and uncertainty intolerance. 

The research design of this study was descriptive-correlation and of structural equations type. The statistical population of this study included Iranian adults from whom, 400 were selected by the convenient sampling method. Data were collected in July and August 2020 using the Templer Death Anxiety Scale (TDAS), Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), Neo Five-Factor Inventory short form questionnaire (NEO-FFI), the Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System Scale (BIS/BAS Scale), and Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale, in Mashhad- Iran. Data analysis was performed using the Pearson correlation method, path analysis, SPSS version 26, and AMOS version 24. 

The results showed that there are significant relationships between death anxiety with fear of COVID-19 (P< 0.01), and neuroticism (P< 0.01); between behavioral inhibition system with intolerance of uncertainty (P< 0.01); and between Intolerance of uncertainty with death anxiety (P< 0.01). Also, the path of predicting death anxiety through neuroticism, behavioral inhibition system and intolerance of uncertainty was confirmed at the level of 0.001 and the path was significant. 

Based on the findings, death anxiety is predicted by the path of fear of COVID-19, neuroticism, behavioral inhibition system, and uncertainty intolerance.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) in sleep quality of students with test anxiety.

The study population included all in the academic year of 2015-2016. In the present study, 150 high school female students in Birjand-Iran, completed the Sarason Test Anxiety Questionnaire. Thirty-six students were randomly selected among students with anxiety scores above 20 and divided into three groups. Then, they fulfilled the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (1989). One group received Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT), and another group received cognitive therapy based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). The control group did not receive any treatment. Data were analyzed using MANCOVA, and SPSS version 22.

The results indicated that sleep problems were decreased significantly in both experimental groups (P< 0.05). In addition, the effectiveness of MBCT was significantly higher than ACT (P< 0.05).

According to the results, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy effectively improved sleep quality in students with test anxiety.

The present study aimed to investigate the factor structure, validity and reliability of the revised Partner-Related Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms Inventory (New PROCSI) with respect to Iranian culture.

The statistical sample consisted of 341 married students studying in Tehran universities in the academic year 2019-2020 that were selected by the convenient sampling method. The New PROCSI, Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R), Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS), Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) and Relationship Beliefs Inventory (RBI) were the tools of the present study.

The Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR) of the new PROCSI were good. Also, there was a significant and negative correlation between all subscales and the total score of the new PROCSI with all subscales and the total score of the DAS, and there was also a significant and positive correlation between the subscales and the total score of the new PROCSI with the subscales and the total score of OBQ, OCI-R, RBI, and DASS. Furthermore, the one-factor model explained 28.41% of the variance in the new PROCSI, and the Chi-Square/df index of the new PROCSI was better than the Chi-Square/df index of the original scale. On the other hand, the CFI and RMSEA of the original scale were better than the new PROCSI. The results of the test-retest correlation and the Cronbach's alpha of the new PROCSI were 0.86 and 0.91, respectively.

It seems that the original and new PROCSI are different and require further research.

Stuttering is a neurodevelopmental disorder with structural and functional neurological bases characterized by involuntary prolongations, repetitions and blocks in sounds, syllables and words. Multiple factors are assumed to participate in etiology and severity of stuttering and response inhibition is considered to be an important phenomenon for having a fluent speech. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate response inhibition of Adults Who Stutter (AWS).

In a case-control study, response inhibition of twenty-eight AWS and fluently-matched control group was compared by a visual stop-signal task and its evoked potentials in the brain. Behavioral measurements of the task, including the Reaction Time (RT) and the response accuracy, were compared between the two groups. Peak amplitude and peak latency of P3 and N2 components in parietal and frontal areas were measured after cue, go and stop stimuli in different trials of the task.

Although AWS reported more scores in anxiety level, they acted similarly to the control group in behavioral measurements. ERP findings, however, represented smaller N2 amplitude in the cues and earlier N2 latency for the Go trials in AWS than in the controls.

Our findings did not support the idea of less efficient inhibitory control in AWS; however, smaller N2 amplitude in the cues may indicated decreased attention resources allocated to the stimuli and different preparation for executing the response. Earlier N2 latency for Go trials in AWS also showed different timing of mental access to go stimuli and faster conflict monitoring in competing stimuli.

Suicide is known as one of the main causes of death. Identifying its antecedents is important. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between lifestyle, emotion regulation, and negative perfectionism with suicidal ideation.

The statistical population of the present study consisted of all the married women of Bushehr, Iran. A total of 100 participants were selected through the convenient sampling method. The research instruments included the Miller-Smith Lifestyle Assessment Inventory (LSI), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), the Positive and Negative Perfectionism Scale, and the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSI). Data analyzed by the descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, and SPSS software.

Based on the findings, the independent variables could predict 41% of the variance of suicidal ideation (P< 0.05). Also, negative perfectionism, lifestyle, and emotion regulation can predict suicidal ideation (P< 0.05). Among the independent variables, the adaptive emotion regulation has the most impact. Negative perfectionism is also in the next order, and for every unit added to its standard deviation, suicide tendency is increased by 0.267 standard deviations (P< 0.05).

According to the findings, lifestyle, emotion regulation, and negative perfectionism can predict suicide ideation in women. So, healthy lifestyles trainings, adaptive emotion regulation strategies, and reducing negative perfectionism can reduce suicide attempts among women.

This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in depression and serum cortisol levels in women with breast cancer and depressed women.

In this clinical trial, 30 women with breast cancer who referred to Omid Hospital, Mashhad-Iran and 30 women with depression who referred to counseling clinics of Mashhad in 2020-2021 were selected by the convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned to four equal groups (2 experimental groups and 2 control groups). The experimental groups received mindfulness-based cognitive therapy during eight 90-120 minute sessions per week, while the control group did not receive any intervention. Research instruments included the Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and the blood samples to evaluate the cortisol levels. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, and the covariance analysis.

The results of depressed people demonstrated that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is effective to reduce depression and serum cortisol levels within the normal laboratory range (P< 0.001). Further, the findings of breast cancer women indicated that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy reduced depression and increased serum cortisol from low to moderate levels within the normal laboratory range (P< 0.001).

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy can be effective in neurobiological mechanisms in addition to improving psychological symptoms in depressed individuals and cancer patients.

Craving is a complex behavior and one of the important factors for the continuation of smoking. This research was conducted to compare the effectiveness of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (TDCS) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) on craving, mood, and smoking addiction in smokers. 

In this experimental study, 12 smokers who referred to medical centers in Mashhad- Iran, were selected by the convenient sampling method and assigned to TDCS (6 cases) and CBT (6 cases) groups randomly. They received the intervention during 8 sessions. They fulfilled the Questionnaire on Smoking Urges, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule and Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence, before and after the intervention. The data were analyzed using Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. 

The results showed that both TDCS and CBT treatments significantly reduce smoking craving (P< 0.05), but TDCS reduces craving greater than CBT (P< 0.01). Also, TDCS improves positive and negative affect significantly, while CBT only improves negative affect in smokers (P< 0.05). Besides, TDCS causes more improvement in negative affect (P< 0.01). TDCS reduces smoking addiction (P< 0.05), while CBT was not effective in this regard. 

Compared to cognitive behavioral therapy, transcranial direct current stimulation has a greater effect on craving, mood, and smoking addiction.