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سال نوزدهم شماره 116 (بهمن 1401)

Problem Statement:

 L-systems are among the algorithms for calculating the self-organizedprocess of “environmentally sensitive growth” of plants. They are one of the five main generativemethods that, given the structure and main field of application, promise great potential inarchitecture. But at the same time, examples of their application in architecture are few and havenot yet been sufficiently developed. Therefore, their development requires a comprehensive study.So, in this study, while identifying the possible potentials in architecture, the background of theirapplications in architecture as well as in other fields are reviewed. Then, these applications aredivided and compared, and accordingly, some suggestions for development are presented.

The purpose of this research is to comprehensively investigate L-systemsand identify their applications and potentials in architecture.

This article is descriptive-analytical, and the data collection method isdocumentary-based. The documents used in this article include a variety of articles, books,dissertations, and architectural competitions, all or part of which is related to research onarchitectural applications and other related applications of L-systems that have been publishedsince 2000.

Exploring the algorithm in the field of botany, the five main concepts of L systems are:development, abstraction, self-similarity, complexity in simplicity, and topology; Among these,the concept of development is more popular in architecture, while other concepts have receivedless attention. In this regard, reviewing their applications in other fields and their methodologieswill be inspiring. In this article, research trends in the architectural applications of the L-system areidentified and the reasons for its decline in recent years, as well as suggestions for development,are presented. Other analyses are also presented, including the scientific validity of the documentsused, the types of applications, the methodology of the L-system, and the design stage.

Problem statement: 

The griffin is one of the composite creatures in ancient mythology that appears with the body of a lion, the ear of a horse, the head, and the wings of an eagle. This creature has been present during the historical periods of Iran, which shows its importance among Iranians. However, there are ambiguous points about how the griffin of the pre-Islamic era is related to the griffin of the Islamic era. Therefore, in this research, the griffin has been studied as a popular ornamental motif in two important historical periods of Iran; the Achaemenids in ancient times and Seljuk in the Islamic era.

This article aims to study the manner of impressions, differences, and similarities between the griffin in Achaemenid art and Seljuk art by considering the comparative approach.

For this purpose, using the descriptive-analytical method, twenty-one artworks including the griffin in both historical periods were analyzed and compared in separate tables.

The results of the comparative study reveal that despite the differences, these motifs were often similar in terms of structural characteristics, physical posture, and visual features. Symbolically, they often had common concepts, such as the royal essence, power and wealth, and the guardian of the treasure and the palace. Influenced by religious beliefs, they were a symbol of goodness and blessing, magic invalidation, and protecting the tree of life. However, in some Achaemenid artworks, the griffin has been shown with a demonic aspect, in the conflict between good and evil. In general, the number of similarities and differences indicates that the griffin in the Seljuk period was affected by its similar motif in the Achaemenids, and factors such as political dominance, the authority of the monarchy, religious beliefs, and folk culture played a role in their formation and application.

Problem statement: 

The spatiality and temporality of social movements are of great importance. A limited number of studies have investigated the spatio-temporality of social movements. This article deals with the combination of spaces used by activists, all of which have been effective in the success of social movements.

The study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the formation of spatio-temporal patterns in social movements based on space-time theories. It also considered the impact of these patterns in shaping social behaviors and actions.

The research methodology is a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. Thirty-four contemporary movements were studied historically, and their information was coded and categorized. Causal conditions were identified and categorized based on research criteria by using quantitative content analysis. By converting the qualitative data into quantitative and using the Boolean method, an equation was obtained in which the relationship between space-time variables and the success of movements was determined.

The results showed that the movement experiences success if it uses relative space-time structure spaces (i.e., institutions, universities, and unions) “and” does not use relational space-time structure spaces (i.e., virtual networks, protest arts, and communities) “or” uses absolute space-and-time structure spaces (i.e., squares, streets, and symbolic buildings) “and” also uses relational spacetime structure spaces. The findings showed that if networking based on close and extensive multidimensional relationships is not possible for the movement, then organizational networking is necessary to achieve success. It was also proved that, in the absence of institutions, the coexistence of urban physical spaces and networking-based spaces is essential for the success of the movement. Together, they form a public sphere in which they continue protesting and resisting, and challenging the domination of established power.

Problem statement: 

Iran has myriad valuable rural fabrics. Today, discussing the “value” of rural fabrics is of great importance. Their diversity and dispersion based on biodiversity, natural location, and cultural characteristics have prompted entities to make efforts to identify their values with the help of environmental teachings. Given the limited funding and necessity to create equal opportunities to improve villages, the custodians are tasked with formulating the appropriate criteria and indicators to determine the values and evaluate the samples based on these to arrive at adequate samples that can be used as universal models for similar locations. The present research asks the question of how to define “value”, find suitable interpretations of it in a range of valuable rural fabrics, and present a mechanism to assess these to pave the way for both conservation and development.

The first aim of the research is to classify values for the rural fabric. In the next stage, it will review the criteria and indicators that impact their selection and present a new understanding of the concept of value in conservation, development, and restoration. Finally, it discusses the mechanism for measuring samples based on these.

The library research method was used for the comparative analysis of various values introduced in the relevant literature on the topic, then values were defined, described, classified, and analyzed by reasoning.

 The first step in setting up a mechanism to measure values was to identify the valuable samples by pinpointing the inherent values of every single rural fabric for conservation. The next step was to prioritize the attributed values and restoration goals to define a development plan.

Problem statement:

 Iran has myriad valuable rural fabrics. Today, discussing the “value” of rural fabrics is of great importance. Their diversity and dispersion based on biodiversity, natural location, and cultural characteristics have prompted entities to make efforts to identify their values with the help of environmental teachings. Given the limited funding and necessity to create equal opportunities to improve villages, the custodians are tasked with formulating the appropriate criteria and indicators to determine the values and evaluate the samples based on these to arrive at adequate samples that can be used as universal models for similar locations. The present research asks the question of how to define “value”, find suitable interpretations of it in a range of valuable rural fabrics, and present a mechanism to assess these to pave the way for both conservation and development.

The first aim of the research is to classify values for the rural fabric. In the next stage, it will review the criteria and indicators that impact their selection and present a new understanding of the concept of value in conservation, development, and restoration. Finally, it discusses the mechanism for measuring samples based on these.

The library research method was used for the comparative analysis of various values introduced in the relevant literature on the topic, then values were defined, described, classified, and analyzed by reasoning.

The first step in setting up a mechanism to measure values was to identify the valuable samples by pinpointing the inherent values of every single rural fabric for conservation. The next step was to prioritize the attributed values and restoration goals to define a development plan.

Problem statement: 

The problem of space in the public domain of the city extends beyond the simplistic definition used as “opposite of private space”. This issue is associated with the socio-spatial structure of urban life and has multiple dimensions formed under the influence of various social, economic, and political dynamics and the agency of city managers, designers, and citizens. Despite the growing concerns about the performance of public spaces in recent decades, there is no consensus among researchers about the different dimensions of “public space”. This issue has made it difficult to develop theoretical perspectives and propose practical solutions for this interdisciplinary concept.

This study attempts to shed light on the various dimensions of the concept of “public space” and show the contradictions and theoretical gaps in the existing theoretical literature. By combining and criticizing the views, this study aims at developing a new conceptual model and contributes to theory development and reconceptualization of public space.

In line with the purpose of the research, a hybrid review research method was used to develop the theoretical foundations of public space. The data was collected by the bibliographic research method and analyzed through content analysis and meta-analysis methods.

The conflicting definitions of public space are tied up with the concerns and interests of multiple stakeholders and influenced by human, contextual, and institutional agencies contributing to human actions. Publicness is a relative, abstract, and dynamic quality and, at the highest level of performance, is the common denominator of the specific characteristics of each space and the response of a multivariate equation, including the role of man, space, city, and time. Public space is a multi-dialectic system, a contested entity with a wide range of meanings and uses. It does not lend itself to a single definition because it is based on the relationships shaped between agencies, over time, and across space. Different manifestations and possibilities are available to different stakeholders, including citizens, designers, specialists, city managers, and power institutions. The substantive and functional dimensions of public space change under the influence of a series of relationships as a chain reaction and butterfly effect. A minor change in metropolitan processes, the context of public space, human actions, or even the transformation of public space in another part of the city can have far-reaching and unexpected consequences for the publicness of the space. The publicness of space should be explained as a holistic value through an adaptable model by considering the set of factors involved in each specific example and realized with larger strategies and long-term processes.