نشریه پژوهش ملل
پیاپی 81 (آبان 1401)

In the political map of Latin America, progressive forces are showing more power day by day than in the past. The selection of Gustavo Petro in Colombia is the latest example. Based on this, the purpose of this article is to investigate and identify the causes or factors that lead to the continuation of progressive leaders in Latin America, especially in the last two decades. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and the question raised in this article is what is the new promotion process in Latin America? In response, we come to the hypothesis that in this century, the process of progress in Latin America can be divided into two periods before and after the death of the former president of Venezuela, Hugo Chávez, in 2013; Fut Chávez, as a charismatic leader, faced the trend of the general trend towards leftism with a few years break. On the other hand, the inattention of the right-wing rulers in Latin America to the demands of the generally poor segment of society, low economic growth along with structural weaknesses, low investment and productivity with strong inflationary pressures, fragility of the health system, erosion of institutions and high levels of poverty. has provided the conditions for the emergence of progressives in this region more than in the past. The findings of this research indicate that we have seen an increasing trend towards left wing in Latin America during the last two decades and this factor, more than anything else, is a reflection of the cry of Latinos against the indifference of right-wing leaders. According to public demand, it has been disregarding social justice and opposing the interventions of the United States of America in the internal affairs of these countries.

Democracy is still not institutionalized in Afghanistan and it has a long way to go before democracy is institutionalized in this country. One of the major internal obstacles on the way to the realization and institutionalization of democracy in this country is the existence of tribal and ethnic political culture of some of its residents. In this country, styles, values, beliefs, feelings, beliefs, looking back, orientations, social traditions and some social structures are some of the inhabitants of this ethnic and tribal land. Of course, this should not be denied and ignored that many young generations of Afghanistan have violated many beliefs, red lines and ethnic taboos. In the third presidential election in Afghanistan, it was seen that the political culture of some young people in this country is participatory. Therefore, the main goal of this article is to determine how effective political culture has been in the political development of Afghanistan. Since the Afghan society is a traditional and tribal society, its political culture is also a tribal political culture. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting library information. The findings show that there is a direct relationship between elections and the political culture of each country. Elections have the same situation as the country's political culture. If the political culture is moving towards democratization, it can be seen that the elections in Afghanistan are also moving towards democratization.

In this article, after examining the developments that have taken place in the international community, we examine the special and special importance of the title of this article, which is sovereignty in the field of public international law. Sovereignty, which is a legal and political concept at the same time, is a constant concern of researchers who are trying to determine its role in international relations governed by international law. Sovereignty is a complex concept, this concept can be examined in the context of national law, but as a member of the international community, a government participates in international relations based on the principle of sovereign equality, which creates another meaning of sovereignty. In this article, the evolution of the concept of sovereignty has been investigated and the factors that have led to changes in the characteristics of this concept have been identified in order to predict the trends in its development. In this research, the aspects of exercising sovereignty as a result of limiting the power of governments in favor of international personalities have been highlighted. In the writing of this article, the method of analyzing the issues that have been created in line with the mentioned topic has been used, with reference to the views of the doctrine explained in specialized research, documented research and the interpretation of legal norms in this field.

One of the most important issues is earning profit from individuals and financing from banks, which have always been favored by Muslim thinkers since the past to investigate the nature of banking operations in order to adapt the issues with the Sharia and Islamic standards. In this article, the legality or illegitimacy of banks' participation contracts that contain the condition of profit guarantee is explained with analytical-descriptive method. The goal is to provide a solution based on jurisprudence and legal standards in order to protect the legitimate interests of individuals and realize the economic goals of banks. Civil partnership can be considered as one of those newly founded contracts in the field of Islamic banking law, which is based on the company contract and is usually common and widely used in the financial-banking system of Islamic countries, including Iran, and always due to non-compliance with the relevant systems. It has created many problems for the parties, so the central bank has tried to find a practical solution for financing banks and interested parties, such as the use of standard civil partnership contracts, which is rejected by jurisprudence and Do not be rejected.

Paternalism is the intervention of the government or an individual in another individual's affairs, against his will, and in the defense and encouragement of this intervention, it is claimed that the person being interfered in this way is safe from harm and finds better conditions. Some authors have investigated and analyzed the favorable and unfavorable effects of these attitudes and paternal support in different political and legal systems of the world. The descriptive-analytical research method was collected using library sources. In the issue of paternalism, the conflict between public and private rights and finally respect for respectable principles such as the sovereignty of the will, autonomy, independence of vote and the right to make decisions are raised, which some thinkers are trying to find a way to establish a balance between them. Therefore, for a better understanding of this phenomenon, in the upcoming article, it is necessary to examine the normative opinions and findings of experts about the justification of paternalism. Finally, according to some researchers, the problem of paternalism can be measured with the category of justice, so that by examining concrete examples of paternalism in every society, regardless of their political and legal systems, it is possible to guarantee the achievement of desirable goals such as increasing welfare, happiness, and meditation. And defending the weak-minded people and providing for their needs and interests, the fields of abuse and increasing manipulation of legislation under the above-mentioned excuses to some extent diminished. Because the paternal government is like a family that no one can question its authority, so the main goal for modern governments here is to unite with the society.

This article aims to investigate the multiple dimensions of the role of the third party (objection, appeal and entry) in arbitration awards in accordance with the Civil Procedure Law and the International Commercial Arbitration Law of Iran, as well as the existing doctrine in this topic, such as the group of companies, staple and setting aside the pard. Considering the expansion of the arbitration issue, especially after the spread of the corona disease and the complexity of commercial contracts, which often have a precondition for arbitration, it is important to examine the role of a third party in arbitration. Especially since the role of the third party is an extraordinary thing in judging; It is explained that the arbitration rulings are only valid for those who have signed the arbitration agreement. But as we have a jurisprudential rule, "We are general except for special" means there is no law unless it takes some kind of exception. As a result, in special circumstances, it is possible to file a lawsuit and enter a third party and protest in the arbitration matter. Articles 417-421 and 475, 476 of the Civil Procedure Law, as well as the mentioned doctrine, somehow refer to these conditions. In this article, we are trying to answer the question, what are these conditions and how can they be achieved? And also what are its shape rules? After expanding the conceptual space of arbitration, questions are addressed. The research method in this article is analytical-descriptive and the method of collecting library materials.