پژوهشنامه مدیریت ورزشی و رفتار حرکتی
پیاپی 35 (بهار و تابستان 1401)

Development and Validation of “Perceived Balance Scale for Older Adults”The purpose of the study was to development and validation of a Perceived Balance Scale for older adults. Two samples each consist of 300 subjects participated in the research. Data collected with Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC), Fall Self-Efficacy-International (FSE-I) form. The data were analyzed with exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and principal components with varimax rotation, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with structural equations modeling, Pearson correlation coefficient, and t-student test, and with SPSS-16 and LESREL softwares. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in extraction two factors “Simple Tasks” and “Hard Tasks”, explaining 76.92% and 5.66% of variances, respectively. Results of first rank of CFA indicated that measurement model of Perceived Balance Scale for Older Adults was relatively fit and all measures and parameters were significant. CFI, IFI, and TLI measures were above 0.95, indicating these measures were excellent. There were significant correlations between Perceived Balance Scale for Older Adults and ABC (r=0.91, P≤0.0001) and FES-I (r= -0.83, P≤0.0001), confirming convergent validity of the new scale. Results of t-student test indicated that perceived balance mean score of subjects without fall history in past year than with fall history counterparts was higher significantly. Interclass correlation coefficient confirmed test-retest reliability (P≤0.01). Internal consistency for total score with Cronbach,s Alpha was 0.88. These results confirm validity and reliability of “Perceived Balance Scale for Older Adults”. Keywords; older adult, balance, measurement, psychometric properties

Tourism is developing rapidly as a major industry. Development of the tourism industry, especially, sports tourism, is concerned with many factors, one of which is infrastructure. The purpose of this study was to identify and prioritize infrastructures related to sports tourism development in Mazandaran province.  

The research was based on a descriptive-survey method. The statistical population included sport management professors (n = 13), experts and heads of sports associations from Sport and Youth administration (n = 45), and the tourism experts in Mazandaran province (n = 37), who were 95 in total and were selected based on purposive sampling. The tool used to collect data was a researcher-made questionnaire whose face and content validities were approved by sport management professors (n = 15) and experts in tourism (n = 6). Its reliability was also obtained by Cronbach`s alpha and equaled to 0.86. The questionnaire was designed according to the 5-point Likert scale. After distributing the questionnaires to all participants, 83 of 95 questionnaires were returned as completed (n = 83). The factor analysis test was used for the rate of the importance of infrastructures related to sports tourism by inferential analysis.

Finding showed that in the field of infrastructure factors related to the development of sports tourism of Mazandaran province, the development of the infrastructure related to Internet and Information services (β= 0.91) has the primarily importance, while the use of international standards in the presence of sport tourism services (β= 0.62) has the least important.

It should be noted that the development of sports tourism will be possible when all infrastructure and facilitating factors that affect sports tourism are considered and appropriate approaches such as facilitating the optimal use of information and communication technology, active participation of employees at all stages of attracting tourists to providing services, creating standard facilities and equipment for sports, and reinforcing transportation system are adopted for developing sports tourism infrastructure.

The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Re-Injury Anxiety Inventory in injured athletes. For this purpose, 248 injured athletes were chosen through random cluster sampling and completed the Persian version of the Re-Injury Anxiety Inventory. The face validity and translation accuracy of the questionnaire was confirmed by using the translation-retranslation method. Confirmatory factor analysis based on the structural equation model was used to determine the construct validity of the questionnaire, and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was utilized to determine its internal consistency. The intra-class correlation coefficient was used to determine the temporal reliability of the questions in the test-retest method. The results showed that the initial model of the Persian version of the RIAI (28 questions) did not fit well. After eliminating two questions (questions 13 and 24), the first-order model had acceptable fit indices (CFI = 0.92 ،TLI = 0.88، RMSEA = 0.076). In addition, the results of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and intra-class correlation coefficient showed that the Persian version of the RIAI with 26 questions has acceptable temporal and internal reliability among the injured athletes. Therefore, the Persian version of RIAI is a valid and reliable tool to be used by researchers to identify the anxiety in injured athletes.

Self-reflective job titles are a kind of psychological state in which individuals use informal labels for themselves and their jobs to obtain positive psychological outcomes in tense and stressful situations. This quasi-experimental study examines the effects of self-reflective job titles on the work conscience dimensions (as a positive psychological outcome) of physical education (PE) teachers in the less developed regions (as a tens and stressful setting) of Guilan.

A number of 180 PE teachers in less developed regions of Guilan province were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups, each consisting 90 participants, and answered the perception of work conscience questionnaire twice (once at the beginning of the study and once after receiving self-reflective job titles intervention for five weeks) .

The analysis of variance with repeated measures showed that after receiving the intervention for five weeks, the experimental group had significant changes in the mean of responsibility and dependence on culture components, while no significant difference was found between the two groups in the mean of other components.

Findings showed that through influencing the dimensions of work conscience, self-reflective job titles have a positive function in order to retain PE teachers in less developed areas and are important maintenance factors in this field.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the challenges facing the programs and operational guidelines of fundamental reform document of Education in schools’ physical education and  sport.

This research was a survey study and its statistical population included 1,400 teachers, administrative experts, and other professionals in the field of physical education of Kerman province in the academic year of 2014-2015. The sampling method was multistage cluster with a proportional distribution. The sample size was considered based on the Kerjsy-Morgan table, with 302 subjects of men and women as samples. To collect the data, a questionnaire with two sections of demographic and main questions, consisting of 35 items based on 5 factors was used. This questionnaire was based on Raeit’s (1392) questionnaire, whose structures were retained in the present study. The face and content validities of the used questionnaire was estimated and confirmed by experts of sport management and education (n = 10). Its reliability was also calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.87). For analyzing the collected data,  One Sample T-test, ANOVA, and Bonferroni test were used by spss20 software.

The results showed that of the five factors of teachers' specialization, teachers’ motivation, equipment and sports facilities, financial resources, and executive programs, the financial resources factor was identified as the most important challenge facing the plans and operational guidelines of fundamental reform document of Education in schools’ physical education and sport.

Based on the results of this study, the fundamental reform document in the implementation of programs and operational guidelines requires the necessary modifications to adjust the five factors of the teachers’ specialization, teachers' motivation, equipment and facilities, financial resources, and executive programs.

One of the factors influencing the learning and participation of students in sports activities in schools and other educational environments is the teacher's teaching method. This study aimed to investigate the effects of basketball training based on nonlinear pedagogical (TGFU and GS) and traditional methods on the development of social skills in teenage girls.

The statistical population of the study was Urmia secondary school girls. Subjects were 60 students with an average age of 13.06±3, did not  have any experience in playing basketball, and were physically healthy. They were randomly divided into three groups, each consisting of 20 participants. Matson’s evaluation of social skills questionnaire was used to collect data.

The findings of the study showed that the components of proper social skills, superiority, high self-confidence, and relationship with peers were significantly better in training based on non-linear methods (TGFU and GS) compared to the traditional methods. However, there was no meaningful difference between the two methods of TGFU and GS, except in relationship with peers component in which the GS was better than the TGFU.

Through the use of new nonlinear approaches in teaching, educational instructors can play a more effective role in improving students' social skills as well as teaching the games more effectively.

The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the image of sports events’ host city .

The research follows a descriptive survey approach and is practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the study consisted of university students from whom 400 people were selected through the stratified random sampling method. For collecting the data, Boyon and Zhang's (2010) 21-item questionnaire, which had 5 components of city infrastructure, attractions, money value, traveling pleasure, and revisiting, was used. The method of scoring items was based on the 5-point Likert scale (from totally disagree to totally agree). The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the sport management professors after translating it to Persian. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the data, Cronbach's alpha was used to determine the internal consistency, and confirmatory factor analysis was utilized to determine the construct validity using SPSS and AMOS software.

The findings of the research showed the internal consistency of the questionnaire for the image of sports events’ host city. Regarding the construct validity, it was found that all of the items had a significant relationship with the components and could be good predictors of them. Good fitness indices also confirmed the fitness of the model. Additionally, regarding the relationship of components with the concept of the image of sports events’ host city, the results showed that all components could be good predictors of the said concept.

One of the most important factors in the development of individual-social skills and responsibility among adolescents and young people, which has been mentioned in numerous researches, is sports and participation in sports settings. Sport is a place for people’s social interaction and leads students to social responsibility. The purpose of this study was to determine the construct validity and examine the internal consistency of the Persian version of the Li personal and social responsibility questionnaire among female athlete students.

The present research is a descriptive and correlational study that investigates the factor structure of the individual and social responsibility questionnaires. The research community consisted of female athlete students participating in the 13th Cultural-Sport Olympiad of Iran’s Medical Sciences Universities in 1396, 220 of which were selected randomly as a statistical sample.Confirmatory factor analysis based on the structural equation model was used to examine the factor structure of the questionnaire. The SPSS 16 and LISERL 8.8 were used for data analysis.

The results of the first-order confirmatory factor analysis using the Maximum likelihood estimation method indicated that in the measurement model, the numbers and parameters of the model are in good condition and all the numbers and parameters of the model are significant. Also, the results confirmed the fit of the two-factor model of the original questionnaire with 14 questions and that the personal and social responsibility questionnaire has the necessary validity and reliability among the athlete students.

In general, it can be said that the Persian version of the individual and social responsibility questionnaire of athletes is a useful tool in evaluating responsibility in individual and social dimensions and can be used in research with multidimensional structures in which responsibility is considered as one of these dimensions.

Customer gratitude can be considered a promising tool for improving the organizations’ performances. For this purpose, the present study aims at investigating the effectiveness of relationship marketing investment on the customer gratitude in private sports clubs based on the mediating role of relationship quality.

This research is a descriptive-correlational study. Since the number of the statistical population is not determined, a number of 384 people were selected randomly based on Krejcie and Morgan's table, and a total of. 369 of 384 questionnaires were returned as completed to be used in the study. To collect the data, Dewani et al.’s (2016) relationship marketing questionnaire , Izadi’s (2012) relationship quality questionnaire , and Bock et al.’s (2016) gratitude questionnaire were used. The face and content validities of questionnaires were confirmed by experts in sport management and their reliability was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha test (0.95). For analyzing the collected data, the structural equation model (SEM) was utilized.

The results showed that the relationship marketing dimensions indirectly affected the customer's gratitude through the mediator of the relationship quality. The relationship quality dimensions were also effective on increasing the gratitude (0.97).

Gratitude is an important factor in improving the quality of relationship on the one hand, and on the other hand, it will bring positive results to the organization, which will create loyalty between the customers and sports clubs and strengthen their relationship.

In recent years, we have witnessed some successes and failures of our country’s national judo players in major international competitions, including the World competitions and Olympic Games, which have caused a lot of concern among sports officials. The aim of this study was to design a model of obstacles to the development of judo in Iran.

The study is of a mixed type with an exploratory sequential design. The statistical population of this research was composed of 16 experts in the qualitative phase, and 52 heads and vice presidents of the federation, provincial sports delegations, and elite athletes in the quantitative phase, all selected through a targeted sampling method. A semi-structured interview based on Strauss & Corbin’s (1997) Grounded Theory and a researcher-made questionnaire based on the results of the qualitative section were used in the qualitative and quantitative phases of this study, respectively.  . To analyze the data in the qualitative section, directional analysis was used and in the quantitative part, the structural equation model was utilized with the help of Smart PLS 3.2.7 software.

The results of the qualitative section showed that the main category of the research is obstacles to the development of judo in Iran, which includes 65 codes and 11 subcategories such as structural obstacles, infrastructural obstacles, sports obstacles, communicational obstacles, management obstacles, cultural obstacles, economic obstacles, educational obstacles, competitive obstacles, lack of direct development, and lack of indirect development in the form of five main categories of causative conditions, contextual conditions, interveners, strategies, and consequences. The findings of the quantitative section also showed that causative conditions (β=0.34, t=2.10), contextual conditions (t=0.22, β=0.52), and intervening conditions (β=0.20, t=2.45) affected the obstacles to the development of judo in Iran. Also, the obstacles to Irans’ judo and Kurash development have a significant effect on strategies (β=0.91, t=34.09) and strategies on outcomes (β=0.74, t=3/113).

The causal, contextual, and intervening conditions can affect the obstacles to the development of judo in Iran, and the Federation of Judo and Kurash of Iran can achieve the desired outcomes in reducing obstacles to the development of judo in Iran by formulating appropriate strategies.

Synergy is a rational strategy for the effective utilization of resources and facilities, and accelerates and facilitates managers' achievement of organizational goals. The purpose of this study is to prioritize the effective elements in the managerial synergy of sports federations with the sports development approach.

The current research is an applied and descriptive correlation study. The statistical population of this study consisted of 50 managers of sports federations who were selected as the target statistical sample. The main tool for measuring the research is a researcher-made synergy questionnaire based on the studies of Batman (2002) and Evans and Jarvis (1986) regarding  team synergy and groupism, respectively, and Lock and Crawford's (2000) and Sung's (2008) studies about organizational development. The face and content validities of the questionnaire were confirmed by experts, managers, and professors of sport management, and its construct validity was determined using confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the questionnaire was also calculated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.93).

The findings of the study using structural equation modeling and statistical techniques showed that interaction and collaboration with path coefficient (0.81), participation (0.76), communication (0.76), trust (0.75), recognition (0.73), and facilitation (0.71) have a positive, direct, significant, and highly effective role in the development of sports federations, respectively.

The four main pillars of sports federation development include formulated strategies, effective use of new technologies, re-engineering the organizational structure to make the federation more agile, and finally, reforming the existing culture and norms to balance the strategies and attitudes of the sports community, and will be more attainable, less expensive, and faster with managerial synergy.

Organizations, especially sports clubs, are in an endeavor to promote their reputation to be able to reach the peak of success. Despite the existence of research that has been done on organizational reputation, there is still no comprehensive and complete scale in this regard. Therefore, the present study aims to identify the factors affecting the reputation of Iranian football clubs from experts’ viewpoints by using the Fuzzy Delphi method and also confirm the found factors based on fans’ opinions.

This research follows a purpose-oriented approach and was carried out in two independent and consecutive stages to achieve the desired goals. In the first stage, according to the opinion of 25 sports experts and using the two-stage fuzzy Delphi method, research indicators were identified, and in the second stage, these indicators were given to 384 selected fans of the Premier Football League teams in the season (96-97) in the form of a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire.  The sampling method in this research was available and the second-stage questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS.v19 and AMOS software.

The results of the confirmatory factor analysis in the second stage of the study showed that nine components of public relations (media and social relations), the identity and image of the club brand, team performance, team tradition, team social responsibility, team orientation, team management quality, and the financial health of the team, theoretically and practically, are confirmed as components of the club's reputation.

Based on the nine factors affecting club reputation, the results of this research suggest that multiple and multilateral indicators should be considered in the evaluation of the organizational reputation of the Premier Football League teams and a comprehensive approach should be used for this purpose.

Today, the Human Resources Management System (HRM) has drawn organizations’ attention to itself. The purpose of the present research was to redesign the strategic plan of HRM at the Ministry of Sport and Youth.

This research followed a descriptive-analytic method and was practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population of this study consisted of 65 well-known managers and experts of human resources at the Ministry of Sports and Youth, as well as some university professors who were knowledgeable in the field of sports human resources. Due to the limited statistical population, sampling was done by the total number of subjects. The data was collected both quantitatively and qualitatively through field data collection method . Data collection was done by two open and closed questionnaires and interviews with members of the research community to the extent of theoretical saturation in order to quantify the mission statement, prospects, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the organization. The validity of the closed questionnaire was confirmed by sport management professors and its reliability coefficient was calculated using Cronbach's alpha of 0.86.

After data collation, 14 strengths, 7 weaknesses, 9 opportunities, and 7 threats were finalized. The internal and external factors were used to analyze the information. Finally,  the score of the table of internal factors was calculated as 2.65 and the score of the table of external factors was assessed as 2.74.

Given that the strategic position of the HRM department of the Ministry of Sports and Youth was in an offensive position, the Ministry of Sport and Youth should use internal strengths to exploit external opportunities.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between innovation characteristics and the perceived value of customers in small sports clubs in Tehran.

Based on the purpose, the present study is an applied research, and in terms of the method, it is a correlational type. It is also a survey study based on the data collection method. The statistical population was the customers of men's fitness clubs (N = 2000). Based on the Cochran formula, 267 individuals were randomly selected as the research sample. Data was collected by three researcher-made questionnaires consisting of 50 items, whose validity was confirmed by the professors. The reliability of the questionnaire was also calculated and confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data, and to test the hypotheses, structural equation modeling and path analysis were used in particular.

The results showed that there is a significant positive correlation between the characteristics of innovation and perceived value (r = 0.62, P = 0.05). Also, among the characteristics of visibility innovation, the relationship and the complexity of the product have lesser impact than the perceived value of others.

According to the results obtained regarding the significant effect of innovation characteristics on perceived value, it can be concluded that providing innovative services in this way, can create perceived value in customers and strengthen it. Managers of sports centers should pay special attention to the desirable quality of innovation characteristics, so that customers become attracted to it quickly and decide to buy it after seeing and receiving the first information about an innovation, because the key to the success of an innovation is in its successful sale.