نشریه مطالعات کتابداری و سازماندهی اطلاعات
سال سی و سوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 132، زمستان 1401)

Determining the use of Internet of Things (IoT) in selected libraries

This survey used a researcher-made checklist. ؟ ؟experts confirmed the validity of the tool. Websites of twenty libraries as well as the literature about the use of the IoT by them were examined. Also we contacted with relevant people in the target libraries to receive additional data. Types of libraries, services provided by IoT technologies and tools were investigated.

The libraries benefited from 1) Radio wave identification technology (RFID); 2) Bluebeam technology; 3) Smart camera 4) Smart public areas project; 5) Hui Wen library information service system; 6) Montreal; 7) Book robot; 8) Smart robot; 9) Car to Car communication; 10) Capira mobile application is used to provide services. Bluebeam technology provided users with widest range of all the 10 services. Hui Wen's library information service system by benfiting from eight applications came top in using IoT.

The very fact that libraries studied continue to use IoT, may suggest that Iranian libraries should consider employing this emerging technology

The purpose of this study was to systematically examine dimensions, aspects, and levels of search stopping in the literature in order to identify gaps in the field.

Research reports on the subject published between 1961-2020 were identified in databases. The contents of 60 studies found were thematically analysed in terms of basic, organizing, and comprehensive concepts.

The reviewed studies have identified two stopping levels, namely session-level stopping and query-level/ result- summary- level stopping. At the latter level, the search session does not stop permanently, but the user continues searching after refining the query. The studies also referred to another stopping method labeled as “search- engine- result- page- level stopping” in which the user leaves the result page without clicking on any result after making a general inference of the search results. Then, the user may or may not continue searching after refining the query. Here, we are not dealing with another level of stopping, but only the time of making decision to stop is changed. Most of the 60 studies we identified dealt with session-level stopping. Identifying stopping rules, examining the application of stopping rules in various contexts, identifying the factors affecting search stopping or query stopping, checking search- engine- result- page- level stopping, examining the depth of users' search, distinguishing between stopping due to satisfaction or frustration, and exploring search stopping signs were dimensions of search stopping studied in the literature.  Stopping rules included satisfaction and frustration, magnitude threshold, difference threshold, representational stability, mental list, and single criterion. Also, factors affecting stopping search included time constraints, search task structure, information scent, user interface features, importance of the task to the users, motivation, domain knowledge, interest in the topic, need for closure and need for cognition.

Our review showed that studies each dealt with some specific aspect(s) of search stopping behavior and sought to identify the rules or factors affecting it. Research gaps we identified include not investigating the impact of variables such as search language, task difficulty, and individual differences on stopping behavior, the detailed differentiation of the signs of good abandonment from bad ones, and the use of eye tracking technology and recording electrical activity of the brain (Electroencephalography) to better understand the stopping behavior.

 Users of‌ different disciplines use specific search methods to get the information they need. Knowledge of these methods can help information professionals in designing and increasing accuracy of information retrieval systems. The field of music is not an exception. This study has investigated methods of searching music information sources in search engines by postgraduate students in two universities, namely The University of Fine Arts, and The University of Tehran.

 All  the 94 postgraduate students in both universities completed a questionnaire. Their fields of study included composition, Iranian music, world music, and musicology (ethnomusicology). The questionnaire was researcher made. Descriptive and inferential statistics techniques were carried out for analysis of data using SPSS software (version 23) and Excel 2013 program.

 The students had musical skills such as reading musical notes, knowledge of instruments, knowledge of singers, and knowledge of musical styles, playing instruments at professional levels as well as singing skill at a beginner level. Also, students used general and specialized search engines for music scores, track and song titles, artist names, and album titles. They search in the search engines by exact phrase, specific names and playing music contents, and select retrieved resources according to the credibility, quality of audio files, ease of search and use, music files in mp3 format, and the like.

 No relationship was found between the level of learning and the use of specialized content search components, space, strategies, resources used, and reasons for selecting sources.

Aims to identify the role of document readability level and the objective complexity of the work task on students' relevance judgment and document ranking.

Quantitative content analysis was utilized to determine the readability level of texts. The statistical population of the research included 2825 graduate students of Shiraz University of Humanities. To determine the sample size, due to time-consuming process of relevance judgment, students’ time constraint, and sample size of similar studies, a non-probability sampling method of voluntary type was used. Two work tasks were designed based on Borland's (2000) Repository of Assigned Search Tasks and experts' opinions. After confirming the validity of the work tasks by the experts, searching through the Persian article databases, including SID, Magiran, and Noormags, four relevant, four partially relevant, and two irrelevant articles were selected by five experts The articles were divided into difficult and very difficult levels by determining their readability levels using Flash-Diani readability formula. In the next step, ten articles related to two work tasks were scored by users in a six-level spectrum (from entirely irrelevant to entirely relevant) then ranked based on the relevance degree (from 1 to 10). Data was analyzed using social science statistical software version 23 (SPSS), and T-tests and Mann-Whitney U tests were conducted.

The results showed significant difference between students' relevance judgment with different readability levels. Students rated documents with difficult readability levels more relevant than documents with very difficult readability levels. In addition, considering the role of readability level on the ranking, there was a significant difference between the rankings of relevance in the documents with different readability levels according to the students. Documents with difficult readability levels were ranked lower in terms of relevance. Therefore, students performed finer on rating documents with difficult readability levels.  Findings about the role of complexity level of work showed that objective complexity of the work task affected the students' relevance judgment. The retrieved documents related to the simple work task were found to be more relevant than the complex work task. Regarding the role of complexity level of work tasks on ranking, findings  revealed that the level of objective complexity of the work task affected the ranking of documents, and the simple work task ranked lower in terms of relevance ranking. Therefore, students performed finer on the simple work task than on the complex work task regarding relevance rating.

The role of level of readability of documents and objective complexity of the task affected relevance, judgment, and ranking. Further research on the effect of these indicators on relevance judgment  can improve the design of information retrieval systems and increase the quality of the relevance and ranking algorithms.

This paper reports the findings of a research that has examined implementing Electronic Learning Object Metadata Standard (IEEE LOM) for storage and organisation of learning metadata in 18 Iranian universities.

Evaluative method and systematic observation were used. Learning objects were retrieved from the 18 repositories. Then, their metadata elements were extracted and checked for the most widely used standard. Data collection tool was a checklist containing 60 elements in 9 categories adopted from existing metadata standards.

Metadata elements ties varied between 6 and 16 . Findings showed that the number of elements described was very limited compared to the LOM metadata standard. The designed checklist showed that many elements of the desired e-learning standard are not covered, and out of 60 standard metadata elements Learning object (LOM), 25 elements (41%) are covered by the total of organizational repositories. Findings also revealed that this results in less retrieval. Search for educational resources in repositories showed that data elements used do not follow any standard. Some members of staff admitted that no standard was followed in organization of electronic learning objects in the organizational repositories.

Metadata are not implemented in repositories.

Effective use of the right representation method and style play an important role in expressing the appropriate content and using visual and linguistic signs in Information & knowledge science books. To measure the success of e cover design of LIS academic books in representing the content

Content analysis method was used. By reviewing of semiotics literature, representative indicators were identified and selected based on the Joly analysis method. Out of the titles in the Iranian Ministry of Science list for the field of information science 135 were selected using random sampling method according to visual symptoms. Based on Jolie Indicators, a questionnaire was designed and answered by 120 academic experts in the fields of information science and book design. A checklist was built to collect the views about the covers. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Excel software.

Abstract representation and illustrations were common methods and styles of content representation. Samt Publications followed capturing reality method. The method of capturing reality i was common for library science titles. Information professionals’ viewed abstract representation the most used.t. National Library of Iran used a combination of illustration and typography. Illustration style was common for books about libraries and information centers. Cover designers found illustration style most used.

Cover designs do not represent the content books properly. Cover designers should use appropriate methods and styles