نشریه جغرافیای اجتماعی شهری
پیاپی 20 (بهار و تابستان 1401)

 Governance is in fact a process based on the interaction between the official organizations and institutions of the city administration on the one hand and non-governmental organizations and civil society organizations on the other hand. The optimal urban governance system is based on seven principles: participation, legitimacy, accountability, consensus building, efficiency and effectiveness, transparency and justice.

This research is a survey type with a descriptive-analytical approach with the aim of practical adjustment and information in the field using a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population is the citizens of the Ghir city and the sample size is estimated 384 people based on Cochran's formula. One-way ANOVA and one-sample t-test were used for analysis. For this purpose، in this study، we have tried to examine indicators such as participation, responsibility, effectiveness, rule of law، transparency, central justice, consensus orientation and accountability. To measure each of the variables in the questionnaire, a 5-point Likert scale was used.

It shows that the average of all indicators of good governance from the perspective of citizens with a value of 2.66 out of 3 is in an unfavorable situation, which indicates the ineffective method of managers in the urban area and therefore to increase citizen participation in management Is that city officials provide the ground for citizen participation.

Indicates the dissatisfaction of citizens that in this regar, city officials should provide the basis for increasing satisfaction with life in the city by using the opinions of people in the field of management and policies.

The most important task of human resources in the organization is to help better performance to achieve organizational goals, which is one of the important areas in achieving the desired performance of municipal employees, the need to pay attention to public participation. The purpose of this article is the role of municipal employees in promoting public participation in the municipality of the second district of Shiraz and their relationship with each other.

The present article is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The data related to the theoretical foundations of the research have been prepared in a library manner. The research tool is a questionnaire that the reliability test of the questionnaire was done through Cronbach's alpha which is equal to 0.89. The statistical population is all employees of the municipality of region two, the sample size using Cochran's formula was 153 of them. The sampling method is random. In this study, 9 indicators of the role of municipal employees in promoting public participation in the two metropolitan areas of Shiraz have been defined and using SPSS software environment and Anova test and stepwise regression have been used to analyze the data.

Findings of this study show that the results-based dimension with 51% is the most important factor in employee performance that plays a role in improving public participation, followed by the quality-based dimension with 7.4%, the mental dimension with 6.8%, behavioral dimension with 2.7%, characteristic dimension with 2.1% and objective dimension of 1.1% are effective in improving public participation.

Therefore, in order to take the necessary measures to increase public participation in the municipality of District Two, strategies such as increasing staff awareness of citizens 'needs, gaining citizens' trust by the municipality, observing ethical principles and avoiding any game rules, measuring employee motivation, improving employee self-awareness and Improving the individual skills of employees is essential.

smart growth is an approach to sustainable urban development that addresses issues and problems resulting from the widespread urban sprawl of metropolitan areas. This approach reinforces social equality and environmental justice with micro- and macro-level policies, as well as discussing aspects of sustainability.

The research method is analytical in terms of descriptive type and practical. The data collection method is a library and field. The statistical population of the population lives in the 12th district of the metropolitan area of Tehran (241475 people), which was determined to be 400 people. Research variables have included intelligent urban growth in 10 components and sustainable social development in 8 components. Used for data analysis from the indicators of center orientation (mean) and scattering (standard deviation and scattering coefficient) and structural equation modeling from the partial least squares (PLS) approach.

The results of descriptive statistics through the indicators of tendency to the center and dispersion showed that the score of the variable intelligent urban growth is in the range of 2.51 to 3.5, which is somewhat desirable. Also, the variable score of sustainable social development along with all its components based on the 5-level spectrum is in the range of 2.51 to 3.5, which is somewhat desirable. Also, the results in the effect of dependent independent variables concerning structural equation modeling showed that the effect of smart urban growth on sustainable social development at the level of significance coefficient of 1.005 and the level of significance level of 0.315 is not significant.

Therefore, in order to achieve sustainable social development in District 12 of Tehran, the smart growth strategy should be considered as the main strategy in sustainable urban planning.

Social indices of housing are the most suitable tools to measure the progress and achievement of the general goals of housing, and all levels, from individual to collective can be examined and evaluated via these indicators. In housing planning, the demographic-social conditions and settlements of the country should be taken into consideration, and also the provision of essential and additional services such as health, access to social services needed by the people should not be ignored. Indeed, this can contribute to spatial balance and social justice. Thus, the present study was aimed to investigate the factors affecting the need for housing with emphasis on social and demographic issues in Ilam.

The present paper is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical (survey) in terms of method. The statistical population of the study consists of households in Ilam city where 383 households were selected as a statistical sample by cluster sampling. The data collection instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by face (content) and the reliability of Cronbach's alpha was verified as 0.841. Data analysis was performed using structural averages and the method of estimating residential per capita and net density.

The results show that the variables of age (0.21), gender (0.30), household dimension (0.18), household composition (0.38), life stages (0.18), tendency to innovation (0.24), residential origin (0.22) and migration (0.19) have a significant relationship with housing needs in Ilam. In a simultaneous investigation of the set of factors, the variables of household composition (33%), age (24%), and residential origin (21%) had the highest effect on the need for housing in Ilam, respectively. Also, according to the collected data and the use of quantitative residential model per capita and net density, it was found that the land required for the next ten years in Ilam is 14.7 hectares.

Thus, estimating the age and sex changes of the population, new household formation trends, socio-economic aspects and the assigned share of household income to housing costs, and the conditions governing the processes of transforming a requirement into housing demand are effective. Hence, true understanding of the effect of these components, housing demand forecast and the effects of these important and determining factors should not be ignored.

Children as a disabled group of society are educated or have fun in spaces and places that are not only inappropriate, but also in some cases involve dangers; and they need suitable places that meet the mental and psychological needs of children. Therefore, a child-friendly city has been proposed so that children can live in their favorite places and increase their participation in the city and their rights are not lost.

The present article is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. This is a descriptive-analytical research that has used library and field methods in collecting information. Statistical tests in SPSS software and fuzzy AHP multivariate model were used to analyze the data.

Findings from a single sample T to assess the physical-spatial dimension of adaptation of urban spaces for children based on the principles of child-friendly city in the areas of modiriat, Rassalat, Adib and Nasiriya according to the average obtained less than Basis (3) showed that the physical-spatial dimension of adaptation of urban spaces for children according to the principles of child-friendly city in these neighborhoods is not in a suitable and acceptable condition and only in Shafa neighborhood has an acceptable physical-spatial status. The results of fuzzy AHP model showed that the effective participation index with the tools of existence and expression of opinion in the organizational-institutional dimension with a normal weight of 0.331 in the first place and the greatest impact on adapting urban spaces for children based on child-friendly city principles in it has the city of Kerman.

The results of one-sample T showed that the adaptation of urban spaces for children based on the principles of child-friendly city in the indicators of historical, cultural and religious identification, effective participation with the means of existence and expression of opinion with a mean lower than the base They are in an unfavorable situation. The results of this study consider that it is necessary to respect children in the city of Kerman and to express their views in urban planning in order to create suitable and desirable spaces for them.

In recent decades, with the development and evolution of technology, new approaches to urban issues have been proposed. One of the important issues that Iranian cities, including the city of Tabriz, face is the social relations of contemporary neighborhoods. Since the weakness of social relations in neighborhoods can cause problems such as diminished sense of place, collective spirit, etc., in order to improve these conditions, create a suitable context and place for neighborhood people to meet and establish social interactions and Their participation in neighborhood-related programs is essential.

In this study we have tried to study the concept of place-making in reviving social relations of urban neighborhoods, Abbasi, Mansour, Mandana, Parvaz And Ferdows should be selected as the study sample. In this article and in the data analysis section, selected urban areas were evaluated based on regression, Spearman, Friedman and ANOVA statistical tests.

Findings indicate that based on the results of statistical studies, physical dimensions, social dimensions, managerial-policy dimensions, perceptual-semantic dimensions and economic dimensions have a significant relationship with explaining the concept of place-making in the revival of social relations from the perspective They are citizens and the physical and social dimension has the greatest impact on explaining the concept of place-making in the revival of social relations in selected urban spaces.

The results of this study, on the one hand, provide the necessary framework for scientific and logical study of the concept of location in urban areas, and on the other hand, provide the basis for future measures to revive social relations in urban areas. Assessing the research model in more urban neighborhoods and other cities of Iran can provide a deeper understanding of the mechanism explaining the concept of location in the revitalization of social relations in urban neighborhoods.

Cities are the focal point of many concerns that affect their sustainability. Urban livability is associated with quality of life, sustainability, quality of place and healthy communities.The livability of cities is highly influenced by the actions of urban management as the main custodian of city affairs, and the balance between these two sectors promotes urban livability.

The present study has a practical purpose and descriptive-analytical nature and has been done by quantitative method and by distributing a questionnaire among 384 citizens of the 6th and 9th districts of Mashhad metropoli. The collected data were evaluated and analyzed using SPSS software and t-test as well as structural equation modeling (SEM) with AMOS software.

Findings show that in the current situation, the livability dimension in Region 9 is at a desirable level with an average of 3.97.  The average dimensions of urban management in region 9, with an average of 3.14 shows a higher than average situation.  The average dimension of livability in region 6, equal to 3.034, the situation is above average and the dimensions of urban management equal to 2.40, which is undesirable. The results showed that in terms of how urban management measures affect livability, in region 6 the index of livability services (access, environment, housing, health) has a high impact and has a direct relationship in region 9 investment index with all five  Resilience index (access, environment, housing, health care, security) has a strong impact and a direct relationship.

There is a need to promote the current situation of both urban management indexes and livability measures in Mashhad. Results also show that urban management can affect many of livability measures and therefore requires a careful considerations.

The fields of urban planning and city construction in the country, particularly in dysfunctional historical contexts (including the historic neighborhood of Pamenar in Kerman, as a case study), face a number of issues and challenges. In some districts, there are problems that the country's planning system cannot solve, neither financially nor technically, nor discursively. In this regard, contemporary urban planning can be effective by changing from top-down and imperative approaches to bottom-up and participatory approaches in the form of a tactical urban planning approach as one of the new types of urban planning in dysfunctional urban contexts. Consequently, the present study was conducted by identifying and prioritizing tactical projects, emphasizing increasing participation and implementing these projects in urban spaces (case study: Pamenar neighborhood of Kerman).

This research has an applied purpose and falls into the mixed research category in terms of analysis. We used a field visit and an expert questionnaire (basics of pairwise comparison). The focus group method included citizens, municipal officials, and officials from the Office for Facilitating the Reconstruction of Inefficient Areas in the Pamenar neighborhood.

Thirteen tactical projects were developed and weighed to involve the residents in the Pamenar neighborhood in solving the identified issues using expert knowledge and the pairwise comparison method. Also, the order and priority of each of these cases were determined. This weighting was performed according to the seven previously identified criteria for tactical urban planning, and then eight of the mentioned projects were implemented with the participation of neighborhood residents.

The current study demonstrated that by using this method, small but very effective and essential parts of citizens' needs can be met by considering residents' active role as real stakeholders, which high-level projects related to dysfunctional urban contexts could not do.

The Coveid Epidemic 19 is a purely urban crisis that occurred in a world of widespread urbanization. Therefore, all urban areas of the world, including the city of Tehran, are facing this crisis.

The present research is based on the type of research, applied and mixed research method (quantitative-qualitative). SPSS 26 and Minitab software were used to analyze the findings.

In the present study, the challenges of the Covid 19 epidemic were addressed in two sections. In order to study the challenges of the world's cities in the face of Covid 19, the sources published in 2020 were used, which in total nine major challenges (economic, socio-cultural, political, service, technological and digital, managerial, health, Environmental and physical-spatial) were identified.

The results of one-sample t-test to examine the status of challenges in Tehran in the face of Covid 19, show that the occurrence of crisis has an impact on the creation and intensification of these challenges, so that the P-value obtained for The whole challenge, and in general (0.000), is. The results of Friedman test to evaluate the priority of the impact of the Covid 19 crisis on the challenges show that the obtained P-value is less than 0.05 and 0.000 and shows the different impact of the Covid 19 crisis on the challenges of Tehran.

Disaster risk is increasing sharply in cities around the world that are at hazards. Within cities, especially cities in low and middle-income countries, some urban spaces are constructed to distribute risks unfairly. For example, in Tehran, the existence of threatening hazards such as earthquakes, floods, fires and many environmental challenges along with a large area of unstable fabrics has caused this city to have special conditions in terms of disaster risk management.This study utilizes the approach of integrating disaster management policies and promotion of underutilised fabrics following the zoning of these fabrics in Tehran in terms of vulnerability to various hazards and provides solutions to control and reduce the damage caused by hazards with emphasis on policy-making, planning and prevention.

This research is applied-developmental in terms of type and its general model is descriptive-analytical and based on the evaluation method, during which the modeling, construction of a composite index and integration and superimposition of information layers and data based on the analytic hierarchy process to determine the final weight of spatial units and zoning of vulnerability of underutilised Fabrics in Tehran has been done. Indicator data and layers are also extracted from sources and various secondary data. Scoring of indices and sub-indices is based on experts' questionnaire and calculations were done in ARC GIS software.

In Tehran, there is a large overlap between the range of underutilised urban fabrics and higher levels of urban poverty, population concentration, and the potential for a variety of hazards. In this regard, underutilised fabrics of the southern half of Tehran, especially in regions 15, 18 and 20 in the first degree and regions 16, 17 and 19 in the second degree have the greatest potential for risk.

In some areas of Tehran, the realities of disaster management are much more complex than existing plans and policies. The disaster management system in underutilised fabrics requires a different mechanism compared to other parts of the city. Therefore, in order to reduce the risk in these areas, it is necessary to pay special attention to the issue of reducing urban poverty and vulnerability, and in general integrating policies and measures of disaster risk management and urban planning and social and economic development programs.

Today, factors such as rapid population growth, increasing poverty, declining quality of life indicators, growth of informal settlements (marginalization), environmental pollution, etc. Have led to instability and reduced viability of urban communities. To this end, in recent decades, urban planners have proposed a variety of solutions, among which, the use of underground space, an emerging concept that has attracted much attention in recent years.

The purpose of this study is to present a conceptual model of livable underground space. The present study is qualitative and typologically "parallel Monomethod. Therefore, in order to analyze qualitative data, meta-synthesis method (basic analysis) and content analysis (complementary analysis) have been used simultaneously. Basic analysis leads to the presentation of the initial conceptual model and complementary analysis leads to the explanation of components and the discovery of causal relationships. The method of data collection is documentary study and semi-structured interview. Nvivo software is used to analyze qualitative data and encode.

The results indicate that 54.9 percent of the area and 54 percent of the population of the ghaemshahr city is poor and very poor. Divorced women population is 2.5 times more divorced men which concentrate more in the center and north east of the city. Based on the results of regression and Pearson, from between the three dimensions of economic, social and physical, social poverty has the most impact on divorce. Also, the indicators of person density in the room, livelihood load and measure of general activity have an effective and significant role in divorce rate of ghaemshahr city.

A conceptual model corresponding to the star grain pattern for the realization of livable subsurface space was presented. In line with the mentioned model, 4 key components of culture-community; Physical-visual; Resilience and environment were presented as the main structure. Each of the factors has nesting chains and hierarchy. The color components of belonging and identity are the themes of the culture-community dimension and the sub-themes of location according to natural crises, optimal crisis management, reducing the degree of risk and danger through the type of land uses, paying attention to climate comfort at lower levels and fine tuning facilities. The lower levels complement the resilient dimension in the star grain pattern, respectively.

Today, in many developing and even developed countries, some border cities towards the central towns and provinces are losing their population and economic, social, and cultural capital, which is the phenomenon of urban shrinkage.

The study is practical in terms of its purpose and qualitative-quantitative in terms of its method. The required data and information have been collected by library methods (identification of variables and drivers) and the Delphi survey. The study is practical in terms of its purpose and qualitative-quantitative in terms of its method. Mic Mac software and Morphol scenario have been used to analyze the data.

The findings show that the drivers of poverty and unemployment, lack of government facilities, lack of attention to border cities, and migration have the highest impact on the process of the urban contraction in Arkavaz.

According to the results, the process of the urban shrinkage of Arkavaz will not have unfavorable future because many scenarios are in unfavorable situations (8 Scenarios). According to these situations, the grounds for the migration of its population, human, and financial capital are available. Catastrophic scenarios are ahead of the significant drivers in various economic, social, natural, and political dimensions. Therefore, with the current trend, the urban shrinkage situation is inevitable. This situation may change with planning, changing strategy, and the impact of unpredictable macro variables. Of course, regarding infrastructure development and management, intermediate to favorable scenarios have been presented that can affect other drivers.

Intermediate development refers to the redevelopment of vacant, abandoned or unused land, as well as land that has not been optimally used compared to adjacent land uses. The horizontal growth and expansion of cities has led to the fact that the lands inside the cities are not used optimally and these lands are empty or abandoned or turned into unrelated uses. The size of the cities has increased while there is a possibility of development within the urban context. The purpose of the research is to identify and feasibility of the development of intermediate in the 3rd urban area of Kerman.

This research is applied in nature and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Data collection is based on library and field method. Shannon's entropy has been used to check the extent of urban expansion, and GIS Arc software has been used to prepare and produce maps.

In this research, the land use of the 3rd district of Kerman city has been investigated and analyzed, the lands that are capable of urban use have been identified. It has been said that in case of intermediate development, this empty capacity can be used for urban development.

The results of Shannon's entropy model show that during recent years, the physical development of Kerman city has been scattered and non-dense, the existing capacities of unused wasteland (interspaces) and incompatible uses (workshops, abandoned and military) which Within the four regions, there are three regions that were considered as intermediate development priorities for sustainable development.

Demonstrate that advanced and civilized people with technology in these settlements show the least sense of danger and can provide the best crisis management in times of crisis.Therefore, considering that Iran is one of the ten most devastating countries and the sixth most earthquake-prone country in the world, and the dilapidated fabric of Kerman is no exception to this rule, it is necessary to use remote sensing techniques such as vector machines to identify and manage earthquakes.

The present article is applied in terms of purpose and graphical-analytical method. In this study, first, using ASTER satellite images of 2007, worn tissues of Kerman city were identified using the support vector machine classification method. In this study, with a kappa coefficient of 76% for all classes and a kappa coefficient of 59%, the worn texture of Kerman was identified.

Findings of the research and the final map of the vulnerability of the two worn-out areas showed that areas with high vulnerability are 29.87% of the total area of the area, which indicates the inadequacy of the area during the earthquake. The next ranks of this study include 29.15% moderate vulnerability, 28.01% very low vulnerability, 6.74% very high vulnerability and 6.21% low vulnerability.The results of this study showed that the support vector machine classification (SVM) method was able to detect nearly 75% of the worn tissue of the area. This identification has shown the high power of the support vector machine method in identifying the area of two urban worn-out structures.